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11 protocols using anti glua2

1

Western Blot Analysis of Brain Slices

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Brain slices were stimulated with DHPG and were collected (2 slices per sample) in radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (25 mM Tris HCl pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS). The samples were clarified by centrifugation at 14,000× g and the protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay kit (BCA; Thermo Scientific, Merelbeke, Belgium). The samples were heated for 10 min at 70 °C. A total of 10 μg of protein for each sample was loaded on a 7% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. After blocking with 5% non-fat milk, the membranes were probed overnight with anti-Arc (1/1000, Cell Signaling, Leiden, The Netherlands), anti-phospho-p44/42 MPK (pERK1/2, 1/1000, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-spectrin (1/1500, Merck Millipore, Overijse, Belgium), anti-B56α (1/250, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), anti-GluA1 (1/500, Merck Millipore), anti-GluA2 (1/1000, Merck Millipore), anti-GAPDH (1/1000, Cell Signaling Technology), or anti-β tubulin (1/1000, Neuromics, Edina, MN, USA). The membranes were then incubated with secondary antibodies coupled to peroxidase (Dako, Agilent Technologies, Diegem, Belgium) and peroxidase was detected with Pierce ECL Plus (Thermo Scientific) on ECL hyperfilm.
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2

Quantifying Hippocampal Glutamate Receptor Levels

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Hippocampi were collected in RIPA buffer (25 mM Tris HCl pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS). The samples were clarified by centrifugation at 14000 g and the protein concentration was determined using bicinchoninic acid assay kit (BCA; Thermo Scientific). Samples were heated for 10 min at 70°C. 10 μg of protein for each sample was loaded on a 7% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. After blocking with 5% non-fat milk, membranes were probed overnight with anti mGluR5 (1/1000, Cell Signaling), anti-GluA1 (1/500, Merck), anti-GluA2 (1/1000, Merck), anti GluN2A (1/250, Merck), anti-GluN2B (1/500, BD Biosciences) or anti-β tubulin (1/10000, Neuromics). Membranes were then incubated with secondary antibodies coupled to peroxidase (Dako) and peroxidase was detected with Pierce ECL Plus (Thermo Scientific) on ECL hyperfilm.
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3

Antibody Profiling for Brain Analysis

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Anti-phospho-C/EBPβ, CST, 3084s; Anti-C/EBPβ Antibody (H-7), Santa Cruz, sc-7,962; Anti-α-Tubulin, Sigma-Aldrich, T6074; Anti-beta-actin, Abcam, ab8227; Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) antibody, Sigma-Aldrich, G3893; Anti-Iba1, VWR, 019–19,741; Anti-BDNF, Abcam, ab72439; Anti-BDNF, Abcam, ab72439; Anti-NeuN, Abcam, ab177487; Anti-TrkB, R&D, MAB397; Anti-pTrkB, Santa Cruz, sc-135,645; Anti-PSD95, CST, 3450; Anti-IL-6, R&D, AF506-SP; Anti-GluA1, Merck Millipore, AB1504; Anti-GluA2, Merck Millipore, AB10529.
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4

Quantification of Synaptic Proteins in Mice

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Hippocampi of mice were homogenized in 25 mM HEPES + Protease-Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche). Lysates were centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm. Protein concentrations in supernatants were determined in triplets with BCA-Kit (Pierce). From each lysate 8 μg protein was separated by 7% SDS-PAGE and proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The blotted proteins were probed with polyclonal antibodies against GluA1 (Merck Millipore 0.1 μg/ml), anti-GluA2 (Merck Millipore 0.16 μg/ml), anti-GluN1 (Merck Millipore, 0.25 μg/ml, monoclonal anti-GluA3 (ThermoFisher, 1:250), anti-CaMKII (MAB 8699 Merck Millipore 0.1 μg/ml) and anti-ß-actin (AC-15 Ascites, Sigma, 1:25,000), followed by peroxidase-linked anti-rabbit or -mouse secondary antibodies (Jackson Immuno Res., 1:20,000). ECL+ (ThermoFisher) was used to visualize immuno-labeled proteins.
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5

Quantifying Ribbon Synapses and OHCs

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Cochleae were dissected, fixated, and stained with primary antibodies against presynaptic C-terminal-binding protein 2 (anti-CtBP2, #612044, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and postsynaptic glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (anti-GluA2, #MAB397, Millipore, Burlington, MA). After washing, samples were stained with appropriate secondary antibodies and a marker against F-actin (phalloidin 405, #A30104, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) to visualize HCs. After washing the sensory epithelium was dissected out from the cochlear tissue, cut into sections and flat mounted in a tonotopic manner on slides.
Ribbon synapses and OHCs were imaged with 40× and 20× oil immersion lenses, respectively, at an SP5 confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Phalloidin-stained OHCs were counted manually with ImageJ (version 1.53t, NIH) and represented per µm length of the sensory epithelium. OHCs were considered lost when both stereocilia bundles and cuticular plates were absent. For the scoring of ribbon synapses, each punctum with colocalized CtBP2 and GluA2 signal was scored as an intact, connected synapse and presented as synapses per IHC (58 (link), 59 (link)). A minimum of four z-stacks were analyzed per cochlea and synapses from at least ten IHCs per z-stack quantified.
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Hippocampal Proteins

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After the behavioral experiment, the mouse brain was quickly removed, and hippocampal tissues (six per group) were placed in ice-cold saline. The tissues were homogenized with RIPA buffer and protease inhibitors for 10 min and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. The supernatants of the samples were assayed for protein content, diluted with 1:4 sample buffer and heated at 95 °C for 5 min. The proteins were loaded onto 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels and then transferred onto PVDF membranes. The membranes were incubated with blocking buffer (5% nonfat milk and 0.1% Tween-20 in Tris-buffered saline [TBST]) for 1 h at 27 °C. The membranes were incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C: anti-GluA1 and anti-GluA3 (Abcam 1:2000), anti-GluA2 (Millipore 1:2000), anti-NR1 (Sigma 1:1000), anti-NR2A and anti-NR2B (Abcam 1:2000), anti-ERK (Abcam 1:1000), anti-CREB (Abcam 1:1000), and anti-PSD95 (CST 1:1000). After three washes with TBST, the membranes were incubated with IRDye 700DW- or 800DW-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG (1:10,000) for 1 h at room temperature, washed with PBS, and scanned to detect fluorescence with the LI-COR Odyssey detection system.
The investigators were blinded to the group assignment of the animals in all of the aforementioned experiments.
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7

Antibody Characterization for Synaptic Proteins

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The antibodies used were as follows: anti-cortactin (clone 4F11, Millipore); anti-GluA1 (Calbiochem); anti-GluA2 for Westerns (Synaptic systems); anti-GluA2 for co-IPs (MAB397, Millipore); anti-GluA2 for immunocytochemistry (BD Pharminogen, mouse); anti-GluA3 (Alomone, rabbit); anti-phosphoY421-cortactin (Sigma); anti-phosphoY466-cortactin (Millipore); anti-phosphoY482-cortactin (Millipore); anti-Myc (Santa Cruz); anti-Flag (Sigma); anti-GST (Cell Signalling Technologies); anti-GFP (Chromtek); anti-LAMP1 (Abcam); anti-PSD-95 (Millipore); control IgG (Thermo).
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8

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of Mouse Brain Proteins

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Whole and synaptosomal lysates of the mouse brains were prepared as described previously (Han et al., 2009 (link); Jin et al., 2019a (link),b (link)). The antibodies used for Western blot analysis were anti-Cofilin (1:1,000, Abcam, AB42824), anti-CYFIP1 (1:1,000, Millipore, AB6046), anti-CYFIP2 (1:3,000, Abcam, AB95969), anti-GABA-A-R-β2/3 (1:1,000, NeuroMab, 75-363), anti-GAPDH (1:3,000, Cell Signaling, #2118), anti-Gephyrin (1:500, Synaptic Systems, 147-011), anti-GluA1 (1:2,000, Millipore, 04-855), anti-GluA2 (1:1,500, Millipore, MAB397), anti-GluN1 (1:1,000, Millipore, MAB363), anti-Homer1b/c (1:1,000, Synaptic Systems, 160-002), anti-Neuroligin-3 (1:1,000, NeuroMab, 75-158), anti-PSD-95 (1:2,000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA1-046), and anti-WAVE1 (1:1,000, NeuroMab, 75-048). Western blot images were acquired using a ChemiDoc Touch Imaging System (Bio-Rad) and quantified using ImageJ software.
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9

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of Synaptic Proteins

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Protein concentrations were quantified using the Bradford Assay (Bio-Rad Protein Assay 500-0006, Munchen, Germany), and 10 μg of whole-cell proteins or brain homogenates and 5 μg of TIF-extracted proteins were separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PVDF membranes were blocked in Tris-buffered saline (5% no-fat milk powder, 0.1% Tween20) (1 h, room temperature). Primary antibodies were diluted in the same buffer (incubation overnight, 4 °C) using: anti GluN2A (1 : 2000, Gibco-Invitrogen, Paisley, Scotland, UK), anti GluN2B (1 : 2000, Gibco-Invitrogen), anti GluA1 (1 : 1000, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), anti GluA2 (1 : 1000, Millipore), anti PSD-95 (1 : 2000, Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), anti drebrin (1 : 2000, Assay Design, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), P-JNK (G-7) (1 : 1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), JNK (1 : 1000, Cell Signaling Technology), Cleaved caspase-3 (1 : 1000, Cell Signaling Technology). All blots were normalized to Tubulin (1 : 5000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and at least three independent experiments were performed. Blots were developed using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and the ECL chemiluminescence system. Western blots were quantified by densitometry using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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10

Antibody Characterization for Glutamate Receptor Subunits

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Anti-GluK3 antibody raised in rabbit against C-terminal 17 amino acid residues of mouse GluK3 (903–919, NM_001081097) was used for immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and western blotting. The rabbit polyclonal antibodies anti-GluK2 (Synaptic Systems, 180 003), anti-GluK441 (link), and anti-GluK5 (Millipore, 06-315) were used for immunoprecipitation and western blotting. The specificities of these antibodies have been determined previously29 (link). Anti-GluN1 (BD Biosciences, 556308), anti-GluN2A (BD Biosciences, 612286), anti-GluN2B (BD Biosciences, 610416), anti-GluA1 (Frontier Institute, Japan, MSFR102270), anti-GluA2 (Millipore, MAB397), anti-GluA344 (link), anti-PSD-95 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SC32290), anti-D1R (Frontier Institute, Japan, MSFR101030), and anti-D2R (Frontier Institute, Japan, MSFR101060) were used for western blotting.
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