Pyris diamond thermogravimetric differential thermal analyzer

All chemicals and solvents were commercially available and used as received. The FT-IR spectra were recorded on a PerkinElmer Spectrum One FT-IR spectrophotometer in the range of 4000–380 cm⁻¹ using KBr disks. A PerkinElmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O analyzer was used for elemental analyses (C, H, and N). Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed in the range of 35–750 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ using a PerkinElmer Pyris Diamond thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were obtained in the range from 5 to 50° with 0.026 per step in 2θ angles on a PANalytical EMPYREAN with monochromatic CuKα radiation. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded on a PerkinElmer Lambda2S spectrophotometer (400–1100 nm). Desktop scanning electron microscopes SNE-4500M with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV were used to obtain scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The SEM samples were prepared by placing a sample on a carbon conductive tape and then the samples were coated with a thin film of gold before being measured.