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202 protocols using mueller hinton agar (mha)

1

Microbial Susceptibility Testing Protocols

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Susceptibility tests were performed on Mueller-Hinton agar (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Maryland) exception for microorganisms that did not grow well on this medium. Group A streptococci were tested on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep’s blood (BD Diagnostic Systems), and fungal isolates were tested on Sabouraud dextrose agar (Remel). Initial tests of antifungal activity with RPMI 1640 medium determined that this medium antagonized the activity of Bensal HP and was unsuitable for susceptibility testing. Time-kill testing was performed in Mueller-Hinton broth (BD Diagnostic Systems) with viable counts determined on RPMI 1640 medium.
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2

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Characterization

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A total of 68 A. baumannii isolates were retrospectively selected from the frozen stocks kept in skim milk at −80℃. The stocks were recovered from the respiratory, urine, and blood samples requested for culture from 2016 to 2017 at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. This study does not include any patient information; hence, approval from the Institutional Review Board was not necessary. Additionally, five isolates with carbapenemase genes (blaIMP-4, blaOXA-25, blaOXA-26, blaOXA-27, and blaOXA-58) were provided by Professor D. M. Livermore, University of East Anglia, UK. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial isolates were determined using the VITEK MS system (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) and the VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux, Durham, NC, USA).
In addition, the disk diffusion method was performed for all strains on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) with imipenem (IPM) and MEM disks (Becton, Dickinson and Company) to confirm susceptibility to carbapenem, according to the CLSI M100-S20 [15 ].
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3

Tigecycline Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

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Tigecycline was obtained from Wyeth Pharmaceutical (Wyeth Pharmaceutical, Philadelphia, USA). Omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) and Cation-Adjusted Mueller Hinton II Broth (CA-MHB) were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Co., (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Solutions of all chemicals were freshly prepared on the day of each use, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
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4

Antimicrobial Activity of Erythromycin

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Erythromycin was purchased from Sepidaj Pharmaceutical, Iran. PVA (MW: 89000-91000 g/mol) and EC (Ethoxy groups, viscosity: 10 mPa.s) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Two standard strains of
S. aureus, including
S. aureus(ATCC® 25923™) and
S. aureus(ATCC® 29213™), were purchased from KWICK-STICK Microbiologics, France. Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) and Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB) were obtained from Becton Dickinson, France. The RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640 W/L-Glutamine was obtained from Bio West, Germany. All other chemicals and reagents are analytical grade and used without purification.
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5

Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation

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Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-striazine (TPTZ), iron (III) chloride hexa-hydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate (C2H3NaO2·3H2O), hydrochloric acid, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), gentamicin, sodium chloride (NaCl), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) high glucose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), as well as authentic standards of epicatechin, quercitrin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, scopoletin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, genistein, luteolin, and apigenin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards of naringenin, hesperetin, chrysin, galangin, and acacetin were purchased from INDOFINE Chemical Co., Inc. (Hillsborough, NJ, USA). Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) were obtained from Becton Dickinson (Cockeysville, MD, USA). HPLC-grade water (18 mΩ) was performed by a Milli-Q50 purified system (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA).
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Pectin-based Films for Antimicrobial Applications

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Non-amidated low methoxy pectin (LMP; Unipectine OF300C; DE = 30%) was purchased from CargillTM (Saint Germain, France). Orange oil was purchased from Thai-China flavors and Fragrance Industry Co., Ltd. (Nonthaburi, Thailand). Ammonium molybdate was purchased from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was purchased from Merck (Damstadt, Germany). Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) were purchased from Becton Dickinson (Nebraska, NE, USA). Tryptic soy broth (TSB) was obtained from HiMedia Laboratories Pty. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and P. acnes (ATCC 6919) were obtained from the BIOTEC Culture Collection, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Manassas, VA, USA). Distilled water served as the solvent for preparing ME and film solutions. All reagents were of analytical grade.
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Biofilm Inhibition Assay Protocols

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PLGA (50 : 50) (mol. wt 30 000–60 000 g mol−1), xylitol, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Pluronic F-125, PBS phosphate buffer saline (PBS), XTT salt, menadione and concanavalin A-FITC were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co. Ltd. (St. Louis Missouri, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol and dichloromethane were purchased from J. T. Baker Avantor performance Materials, Inc (Malaysia). Tween 20 was purchased from Agilent Technologies, USA. Two biofilm-forming reference bacterial strains were used, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and they were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Erbetta, #23). A polymicrobial biofilm was formed by mixing equal ratios of both bacterial strains in the same culture. Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) and Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB) were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company. Methanol, acetone and glacial acetic acid were purchased from R & M Chemicals Ltd (United Kingdom); ethanol was purchased from John Kollin Corporation (United Kingdom). A LIVE/DEAD™ BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Kit for microscopy and quantitative assays was purchased from Thermo-Fisher scientific, USA.
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8

Pectin-Based Antimicrobial Film Synthesis

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Commercial low methoxy pectin (LMP; Unipectine OF300C; DE = 30% and DA = 0%) was purchased from CargillTM , Saint Germain, France. Orange oil was purchased from Thai-China flavors and Fragrance Industry Co., Ltd., Nonthaburi, Thailand. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was purchased from Merck, Damstadt, Germany. Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) was purchased from Becton Dickinson, Holdrege, NE, USA. Tryptic soy broth (TSB) was obtained from HiMedia Laboratories Pty. Ltd., Mumbai, India. S. aureus (ATCC 25923) was obtained from the BIOTEC, Manassas, VA, USA. Distilled water served as the solvent for preparing film solutions.
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9

Fosfomycin and Colistin Dilution Protocol

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Fosfomycin powder (96.5 % purity) was obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (NICPBP, Beijing, China). Colistin sulfate powder with a potency of 23 584 U mg -1 and D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium salt hydrate (G-6-P) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) and cationadjusted Mueller II broth (CA-MHB) were purchased from Becton, Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Fosfomycin and colistin were diluted in sterile water and used as prepared stock solutions of 2048 μg ml -1 and 1024 μg ml -1 , respectively.
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10

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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The bacterial strains E. coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 29212, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were obtained from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA). Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM1) clinical isolates, K. pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii, obtained from hospital settings, were also included in the study. Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB; Becton-Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD) was used for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA; Becton-Dickinson) was used for minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) studies. Trypticase soy agar (TSA; Becton-Dickinson) was used for culturing of bacteria and colony counts.
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