Oleic acid

Methylmethacrylate (MMA), benzoylperoxide (BPO), Eu₂O₃ (99.99%), Dy₂O₃(99.99%), benzoic acid (BA), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), FeCl₃·6H₂O, FeSO₄·7H₂O, NH₄NO₃, polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mr≈20 000), ammonia, anhydrous ethanol, CHCl₃ and dimethylformamide (DMF) were bought from Tianjin Tiantai Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. anhydrous ethanol, aniline (ANI), (IS)-(+)-Camphor-10 sulfonic acid (CSA) and oleic acid (OA) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was bought from Guangdong Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. Nitric acid (HNO₃, AR) was purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. All the reagents were of analytical grade and directly used as received without further purification. Deionized water was made in our own laboratory.

2′-hydroxychalcone (2′-HC, purity > 95%) (Figure 1D) and bavachalcone (BC, purity > 98%) (Figure 1C) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co, Ltd. Isoliquiritigenin (LSL, purity ≥ 98%) (Figure 1A) and licorice chalcone A (LCA, purity ≥ 98%) (Figure 1B) were purchased from Dalian Meilun Biological Technology Co, Ltd. Oleic acid (OA) and Palmitic acid (PA) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

ICT (Cat: E-0846) was purchased from Nanjing Spring & Autumn Biotech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Oleic acid (OA, Cat: A63262) was purchased from Sinopharm (Shanghai, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat: 04-001-1ACS) was purchased from Biological Industries (Kibbutz Beit-Haemek, Israel). Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B (Cat: C3011), Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution (Cat: C0222) and Cell lysis buffer for Western and IP (Cat: P0013) were obtained from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Cat: SH30022) and DAPI solution (Cat: MA0128) were purchased from Meilunbio (Dalian, China). The Pierce^TM BCA Protein Assay Kit (Cat: 23227) was purchased from Thermo (Waltham, MA, USA). All antibodies against β-actin (Cat: 4970T), β-Tubulin (Cat: 2128T), GAPDH (Cat: 5174T), LC3B (Cat: 12741T), p-AMPK (Cat: 2535T), p-mTOR (Cat: 5536T,), p-P38 (Cat: 4511T), p-JNK (Cat: 4668T), p-ERK (Cat: 4370T), PARP (Cat: 9542P), SCD1 (Cat: 2438S) and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Cat: 7074T) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) system (Cat: P10300) was purchased from NCM Biotech (Suzhou, China). All reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade or higher.

Selenium powder, sulfur, trioctylphosphine (TOP), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), tetradecylphosphonic acid (TDPA), tributyl phosphate (TBP), TiCl₄ and triphenylphosphine (TPP) were purchased from Macklin. Ethanol, hexane, toluene, isopropanol, octadecene (ODE), oleylamine (OAm) and oleic acid (OA) were purchased from Sinopharm. Dodecanethiol (DDT), octane, cadmium oxide, Sudan I and Sudan blue II were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used without further purifications.

Oleic acid (purity > 99%, AR), a water-insoluble non-Newtonian fluid, was provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Teflon plates were purchased from http://www.tedpella.com (accessed on 20 May 2022) providing the microscopy products for science and industry, and cut to a size of 4 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm for spreading experiments. Their morphology was evaluated using an atom force microscope (AFM), and the root mean square (RMS) roughness values (<1.0 nm) were small enough that the influence of surface roughness on the oil droplet spreading behavior could be neglected. Besides, their surface wettability was also characterized by the sessile drop method with a DSA100 (KRÜSS, Hamburg, Germany), and the average static water contact angle was 117.1 ± 2.15°. It is worth noting that these Teflon plates must be thoroughly cleaned and dried before the spreading experiment, and the cleaning method can be seen in [41 (link)].

Iron (III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)₃), 1,2-hexadecaendiol, dibenzyl ether, oleylamine, oleic acid, anhydrous ethanol, chloroform, tween 80 (TW80), 2, 2′-bipyridine, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (3-CCA), 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Hoechst 33342, Lysogreen, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), and paraformaldehyde were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Shanghai, China). Indocyanine green (ICG), 2, 7-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and artemisinin (ART) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All reagents were of analytical purity and used without further purification. The water used in all experiments was deionized with a Millipore Milli-Q system.