L sodium pyruvate

Tetrachloroauric
acid (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), sodium citrate tribasic
dihydrate, and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Dulbecco’s
modified Eagles’ medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), MEM
nonessential amino acid solution, l-sodium pyruvate, penicillin–streptomycin
mixed solution, dl-methionine, and phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS) solutions were purchased from Nacalai Tesque. Calcein-AM and
propidium iodide (PI) solutions were purchased from Dojindo. 10% ammonia
solution, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), l-cysteine, l-cysteic acid, and dl-methionine sulfoxide
were acquired from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation.

The following antioxidants were used in this study: Trolox (Vector Laboratories, CB-1000-2), Zeaxanthin (Santa Cruz, sc-205544), L-Sodium Pyruvate (Nacalai Tesque, 06977-34), α-tocopherol (Nacalai Tesque, 34114-54), Rutin (Nacalai Tesque, 30319-04), N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (Nacalai Tesque, 00512-84) and Ascorbic acid (Nacalai Tesque, 03420-52). Ascorbic acid (100 mM) was prepared in water and stored at −20 °C. Zeaxanthin (2 mM), α-tocopherol (10 mM), Rutin (10 mM) and NAC (100 mM) were prepared in DMSO and stored at −20 °C. Trolox (100 mM) and Sodium Pyruvate (100 mM) were stored at 4 °C. Each antioxidant was diluted in 500 µL of the culture medium at a final concentration before live cell imaging.