Serum samples were collected at each visit and stored at −80°C. NfL and GFAP levels were measured using the
Neurology 2‐Plex B kit from Quanterix on a Simoa HD‐X analyzer® according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were measured in duplicates, with the same kit lot, at the same machine by a lab technician blinded to the clinical characteristics. The intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) of all samples was <20% (few measurements had to be replicated). Quality control samples were included at each run with inter‐assay CV <20%. Age‐adjusted
z scores for NfL and GFAP were generated using large reference datasets as described before.
1 (
link),
2 (
link) Here,
Z scores measure deviation from healthy controls: for example, a biomarker
Z score of 1 means that the concentration deviates by 1 standard deviation from values in the reference database adjusted for relevant physiological factors.
Abdelhak A., Antweiler K., Kowarik M.C., Senel M., Havla J., Zettl U.K., Kleiter I., Skripuletz T., Haarmann A., Stahmann A., Huss A., Gingele S., Krumbholz M., Benkert P., Kuhle J., Friede T., Ludolph A.C., Ziemann U., Kümpfel T, & Tumani H. (2023). Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 11(2), 477-485.