composites were examined using a ZEISS 1550 VP field-emission scanning
electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with an Oxford X-Max SDD energy-dispersive
X-ray spectrometer (EDS). TEM and TEM-EDS measurements were obtained
on a FEI Tecnai F30ST (300 kV) transmission electron microscope (TEM)
equipped with Oxford ultrathin window EDS detector. X-ray powder diffraction
patterns were collected from a Panalytical X’pert Pro diffractometer
with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The elemental
composition of the electrocatalysts was characterized by X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) using a Surface Science Instruments M-Probe ESCA
surface spectrometer. Monochromatic Al Kα radiation (1486.6
eV) was used.