glucose (≥99.0%), and sodium nitrate (≥99.0%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich, UK. Vanadium(III) chloride (≥99.0%) was
obtained from Alfa Aesar, UK. Ultrapure water was obtained from a
Milli-Q Direct Water Purification System, with a resistance of 18.2
MΩ (Millipore, Merck). Fluorinert FC40 oil was obtained from
3M, UK. The assay used here is a modified Griess reagent method, whereby
nitrate is first reduced by vanadium(III) to nitrite, which then reacts
with a mixture of sulfanilamide and N-naphthyl-ethylenediamine
(NEDD) to produce a purple/pink-colored diazonium product,23 (link) giving a summation of nitrate and nitrite. For
the forest soil sample, the assay mainly quantifies nitrate since
nitrite does not usually accumulate in soil.24 (link) Preparation of standard solutions and Griess reagent is described
in the
tests was collected from Writtle forest, Chelmsford, UK (51°41′37.9″N,
0°22′20.4″E). The soil detailed information, preparation
of nitrate-free soil, standard dried soil, spiked soil columns, and
soil characterization (i.e., maximum water holding capacity (WHC%)
and conventional analysis) are also stated in