Thonzonium bromide

Human embryonic kidney HEK293T, human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7, African green monkey kidney Vero, and hamster kidney BHK cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), 100 μg/mL of streptomycin, and 100 units of penicillin (Nacalai tesque). Favipiravir (6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and ribavirin (1-b-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) were obtained from Fujifilm Toyama Chemical Co. Ltd. (Toyama, Japan) and Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan), respectively. The compound libraries, namely FDA-approved Drug Library and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Compound Library, were purchased from TargetMol (Boston, MA, USA). MMF, MTX, clofarabine, and bleomycin sulfate were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Thonzonium bromide, everolimus, and niclosamide were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Individual chemicals, i.e., albendazole, alexidine, azelastine, bosutinib, carmofur, cladribine, digoxigenin, dronedarone, emetine, miconazole, pentamidine, pitavastatin, sertraline, solifenacin, sulcanozole, tadalafil, terfenadine, thioridazine, trifluorothymidine, and toremifene were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Additionally, 10-deacetylbaccatin, allyl-thiourea, aminoacridine, bazedoxifene, cephalomannine, cetrimonium bromide, ciclopirox, clomifene, cytarabine, fenbendazole, ouabain, oxethazaine, penfluridol, pyrithione zinc, tioconazole, thioguanine, and vinorelbine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Flubendazole was purchased from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA), and gemcitabine and niclosamide were purchased from AdipoGen^® Life Science (Liestal, Switzerland), whereas thonzonium bromide and pralatrexate were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).