Lactose monohydrate

The structures of organogermanium compound THGP and ¹H-NMR reporter molecule DM-THGP used in this study are shown in Fig. 1. These organogermanium compounds were synthesized at Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, Japan). Lactose monohydrate (guaranteed reagent grade) and sodium hydroxide (guaranteed reagent grade) were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Lactulose (approximately 98 %) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (Tokyo, Japan). D-Galactose (guaranteed reagent grade) and deuterium oxide (99.9 % deuteration ratio) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Distilled water was prepared by using Advantec fully automatic distilled water manufacturing equipment (GSR-200; Advantec Toyo Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

The structure of the organogermanium compound Ge-132 (THGP in an aqueous solution) used in this study is shown in Fig. 1. This Ge-132 was synthesized at Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, Japan). Lactose monohydrate (guaranteed reagent grade), sodium hydroxide (guaranteed reagent grade), and palladium matrix modifier were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Lactulose (approximately 98 %) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC (Tokyo, Japan). D-Galactose (guaranteed reagent grade) was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium nitrate (guaranteed reagent grade) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Distilled water was prepared using an Advantec fully automatic distilled water manufacturing instrument (GSR-200; Advantec Toyo Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).