Chadox1 ncov 19

We analysed 515,138 app users who reported vaccination with BNT162b2 (BioNTech-Pfizer) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-Astra Zeneca) and were subsequently tested for SARS-CoV-2 (PCR or LFAT) 14–60 days after either first or second vaccination (assessed separately) after 26 May 2021^{36 (link)}. Age was restricted to 20–65 years, as most individuals > 65 years were vaccinated and most individuals < 20 years unvaccinated during the time of analysis, biasing the control groups for these ages. Users who had reported SARS-CoV-2 infection previously were excluded. Unvaccinated users reporting SARS-CoV-2 test results in the same or following week as a vaccinated app user served as controls. In the event of multiple tests logged for an individual vaccinated user, either the first positive or the last negative result was selected. For each vaccine and per dose, we modelled rates of positive testing in vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals, using Poisson regressions adjusting for number of tests, age, co-morbidities, sex, healthcare worker status, obesity, and weekly incidence in the community (by controlling for the date of the test). The adjusted risk reduction was then calculated as RR = riskratio_i,n − 1, where i is the vaccine type, and riskratio is the ratio of infection rates in vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated individuals, derived from our Poisson model.

Four hundred and fifty-five consecutive patients with diabetes who were undergoing treatment in the Endocrinology Outpatient Department of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between January 2021 and April 2022 were recruited. All the participants completed two doses of COVID-19 vaccines during the study observation period. The types of vaccines included ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca; hereafter referred to as ChAd), mRNA1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNtech, hereafter referred to as BNT) and the interval between vaccine doses ranged from 1 to 3 months. All of the participants underwent regular follow-ups and were treated by stable anti-diabetes regimens without changing doses during the enrolled time, and none were pregnant. No subject had an event of predisposing risks of hyperglycemia emergence neither in severe illness or surgery, nor abnormal fasting behavior, and they also had good adherence to medications throughout the study period. Additionally, no subject was exposed to COVID-19 infection or suffered from a vaccine-related severe adverse event such as anaphylaxis, thrombocytopenia, thromboembolism, myocarditis or Guillain-Barré syndrome, etc. The Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital approved this retrospective study (No. 202202371B0), while the reporting of this study conformed to STROBE guidelines [13 (link)].

Vaccination against COVID-19 was performed according to the Swedish national vaccination program during 2021–2022. Three different COVID-19 vaccines were used (one adenovirus vector vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, AstraZeneca) and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNtech and mRNA-1273, Moderna). The vaccinations were performed using either the same vaccine type or a combination of the two vaccine types according to recommendations from the Swedish authorities (16 , 17 ).

We identified persons vaccinated against COVID-19 as those who had received a dose of any COVID-19 vaccine: BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech, https://www.pfizer.com), mRNA-1273 (Moderna, https://www.modernatx.com), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca, https://www.astrazeneca.com), or Ad.26.COV2.S (Janssen/J&J, https://www.janssen.com). The date of vaccination was the date of the first dose administration. We identified COVID-19 infections based on a positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen or reverse transcription PCR test, using the test date as the date of infection; we considered the first infection per person. We defined COVID-19 hospitalizations as hospitalizations with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result between 21 days before and 3 days after the date of admission. We defined COVID-19–related deaths as deaths occurring <28 days after the date of infection.