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37 protocols using dm2500 compound microscope

1

Nematode Extraction and Identification

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Samples submitted to the lab were soil or roots, and occasionally both. Nematodes were extracted from soil samples by a combination of elutriation (Byrd et al. 1976 ) and centrifugation (Jenkins 1964) methods. Galled root samples were dissected to obtain females under a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C stereo microscope (Gottingen, Germany). The nematode sample was poured into a counting dish (7.5 cm length × 3 cm width × 1.5 cm height), and the nematodes were identified and counted under a Nikon Diaphot 200 inverted microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Further morphological observation was performed with a Leica DM2500 compound microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL) with interference contrast at ≤1,000× magnification.
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2

Funiculi Growth Dimensions Analysis

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Globular (g), heart (h), and mature green (mg) siliques were collected and the valves dissected off the replum. The remaining replum with the seeds still attached were cleared with chloral hydrate and viewed under a Leica DM2500 compound microscope (Leica Microsystems, www.leica-microsystems.com). Images were taken with Leica Application Suite version 3.7.0 software (Leica Microsystems), and medial length and width dimensions of the funiculi from each seed stage were measured using Image J version 1.44 software. ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test were applied to the growth dimensions data to determine if the change in size over developmental time is statistically significant (P < 0.05).
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3

Stereomicroscopic Examination of Arachnid Specimens

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Specimens were collected through intensive hand searching and afterwards stored in 75% alcohol and examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Further details were studied under a Leica DM2500 compound microscope. All illustrations were made using a drawing tube and inked on ink jet plotter paper. Vulvae of females were cleared in lactic acid.
The following abbreviations are used in the text: ALE-anterior lateral eyes; PLE-posterior lateral eyes; IZCAS-Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
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4

Alizarin Red Staining of Fish Tooth Plates

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Alizarin Red was used to stain tooth plates as described previously [134 ]. In brief, whole fish were fixed in 10% neutrally buffered formalin overnight at room temperature and washed with tap water or 1 × phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) for 1 h at room temperature. Samples were then washed in a 0.008% Alizarin Red S solution in 1% KOH for 24 + hours. Once adequately stained, samples were transferred to 1% KOH for 1–3 days to continue clearing. Once cleared, tooth plates were dissected, further cleared in 50% glycerol for 1–5 days, flat-mounted, and imaged on a Leica DM 2500 compound microscope.
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5

Bamboo Fungus Morphological Characterization

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Bamboo culms with large, reddish to pale yellow ascostromata were collected from Yunnan, China and brought to the laboratory in 2017. Samples were examined following the methods described in Dai et al. (2017) (link). Micro-morphological characters were examined and photographed by differential interference contrast (DIC), using a Leica DM2500 compound microscope with a Leica DMC4500 camera. Fruiting bodies were observed by stereomicroscopy using a Leica S8AP0 and photographed by HDMI 200C. Measurements were made using Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work software. Specimens have been deposited at the herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN) and Herbarium Mycologicum, Academiae Sinicae (HMAS) in Beijing. Facesoffungi (Jayasiri et al. 2015 (link)) and Index Fungorum (Index Fungorum 2019 ) numbers were provided for new taxa. Type material of H.bambusae was loaned and examined from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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6

Ostracod Diversity and Identification in Lake Baikal

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Samples were taken from 11–15 m depths by SCUBA diving from the shore of Lake Baikal. Three bottom types were sampled: rock, mud, and sand. Ostracods were sorted alive on the spot and immediately fixed in 97% ethyl alcohol. Dissection and identification was done with the aid of Zeiss Axiostar-plus light microscope and Leica DM 2500 compound microscope, equipped with N-Plan objectives, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs were taken with a Hitachi S-4700 at Eulji University (Seoul). Photographs of Zenker organ and hemipenis were taken with Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on Olympus PX51 compound microscope.
Collected ostracods were identified with the aid of Mazepova (1990) . The terminology for A1, Md, Mxl, L5 and L6 follows Broodbakker and Danielopol (1982) , and for L7 Meisch (1996) . Here, the view of Meisch (2007) regarding the terminology and homology of the most posterior appendage on the ostracod body (“furca”) is accepted.
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7

In situ Hybridization of Cichlid Genomes

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Primers for target probe sequence were designed using the published and annotated genomes of tilapia species Oreochromis niloticus (55 (link)) and the aligned genome of Malawi cichlid M. zebra from the University of Maryland Cichlid Blast Server Tool. It has been reported that genomic sequence diversity across the Lake Malawi assemblage is 0.28%, less than reported values for laboratory strains of zebrafish (57 (link)), and riboprobes were reactive across Malawi cichlid species. Target sequences were transformed and cloned, and sequences were deposited in GenBank (26 (link)). Riboprobes were synthesized and labeled with Digoxigenin (DIG) (Roche) using the Promega System Sp6/T7. In situ hybridization was performed using previously published methods in whole mount (24 (link)) and visualized using an alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody (Roche) to activate an NBT/BCIP (Roche) blue color reaction. Specimens were embedded in chick albumin and cross-fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by being postfixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Histological sections were cut at 18 to 20 μm using a Leica Microsystems VT1000 vibratome and then mounted with glycerine for imaging using a Leica DM2500 compound microscope with 20× to 40× objectives.
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8

Histological Staining of Tooth Sections

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H&E staining was performed on sectioned tooth material using the following series of washes: hematoxylin solution (VWR) for 3 min, tap water for 2 × 20 s, bluing solution (0.1% sodium bicarbonate) for 2 min, tap water for 20 s, acid alcohol (0.32% HCl in 95% EtOH) for 20 s, tap water for 20 s, eosin solution (VWR) for 30 s, 95% EtOH for 2 × 2 min, 100% EtOH for 2 × 2 min, then Hemo-De for 2 × 5 min. Slides were then immediately coverslipped with Permount (Fisher), allowed to dry overnight, and imaged on a Leica DM2500 compound microscope.
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9

Spore Microscopy in Lactic Acid

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Spores were mounted in lactic acid (100 % v/v) for examination by light microscopy. Ranges were expressed as min–max with values rounded to 0.5 μm. Images were captured with a Leica DFC 550 camera attached to a Leica DM2500 compound microscope with Nomarski differential interference contrast.
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10

Fungal Isolation and Identification Protocol

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The specimens were collected from Yangchang Town, Wudang District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China on 14 June 2020. They were stored in plastic containers at low temperature and transported to the laboratory for identification. The macro-morphological characteristics were described, based on fresh material and on the photographs provided here. Fresh specimens were used to isolate the fungus through the tissue culture method in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Herbarium materials were deposited at Guizhou University (GACP) and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HKAS). For micro-morphological examination, fruiting bodies and living culture mycelia were examined using a stereo dissecting microscope (Leica S9E). Hand sections of fruiting structures were mounted in water for microscopic study and photomicrography. The microcharacteristics of the fungi were examined under a Leica DM2500 compound microscope and photographed. Facesoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers were provided as explained by Jayasiri et al. (2015) (link) and Index Fungorum (http://indexfungorum.org, accessed 6 April 2023).
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