HDC (>98.0%) and H. helix extract were obtained from the Lab. of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University (Incheon, Korea). The extract was prepared by extracting the pulverized ivy leaves with 30% ethanol for 1 h using sonication. A voucher specimen of H. helix extract (HY-2016-01-05) was deposited at the Herbarium of the College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea. H. helix extract contains 8.2% of HDC. The content of HDC was determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [10 (link)] and the representative chromatogram is shown in Figure 4 . Pooled human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 isozymes were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). Glucose-6-phosphate, β-NADP+, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, coumarin, phenacetin, diclofenac, midazolam, mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, ketoconazole, and terfenadine were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). All other solvents used were of HPLC grade and were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Distilled water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All standard solutions and mobile phases were passed through a 0.22 µm membrane filter before use.
Mephenytoin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Mephenytoin is a laboratory reagent used in the field of analytical chemistry. It is a white, crystalline powder that serves as a reference standard for analytical testing and method development. The core function of Mephenytoin is to provide a reliable and consistent chemical compound for the purpose of calibration, quantification, and verification of analytical techniques.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Phenacetin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Dextromethorphan, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Ketoconazole, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Diclofenac, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Midazolam, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Coumarin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Terfenadine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Milli q purification system, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Chlorzoxazone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Quinidine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
β nadp, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pooled human liver microsomes, by BD (3 mentions)
Sulfaphenazole, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ticlopidine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Furafylline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetaminophen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 hydroxymephenytoin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
6 hydroxychlorzoxazone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
9 protocols using mephenytoin
1
Quantitative Analysis of Hederagenin Derivative
2
Cytochrome P450 Inhibition by E. longifolia
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The methanolic extract of E. longifolia roots was provided by the Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (Hanoi, Vietnam). Pooled human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP2C19 isozymes were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). Glucose-6-phosphate, β-NADP+, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phenacetin, coumarin, diclofenac, mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, midazolam, ketoconazole, and terfenadine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). All other solvents used were of HPLC grade and were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Distilled water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).
3
Evaluation of Schisandra chinensis Bioactive Compounds
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Dried alcoholic extract of SC containing schisandrin (1.83%), schisantherin A (1.52%), deoxyshisandrin (2.41%) and γ-schisandrin (1.22%), was purchased from Nantong Sihai Plant Extracts Co., Ltd (Jiangsu, China). Schisandrin, schisantherin A, deoxyshisandrin, γ-schisandrin (>99% purity) and midazolam were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Phenacetin, acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, dextrophan, diclofenac, 4-hydroxydiclofena, mephenytoin, 4-hydroxymephenytoin, chlorzoxazone, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, 1-hydroxymidazolam, ketoconazole, ticlopidine, sulfaphenazole, quinidine, furafylline, disulfiram were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (MO, US). Bicyclol (>99% purity) was provided by Beijing Union Pharmaceutical Plant. CCl4 and glycerin were purchased from Beijing Chemical Reagents Company. Methanol and acetonitrile were HPLC grade (Fisher, USA), other reagents were analytical reagent grade. The pooled male human microsomes were purchased from BD corporation (MA, US). Ultrapure water was prepared using Milli-Q Reagent System (Millipore, MA, USA); AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, TB, BUN, and CRE kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Reagents Company.
4
Kinsenoside Purity and CYP Enzyme Assay
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Kinsenoside was contributed by Prof. Zhang, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, China). Kinsenoside purity was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), which was >98% [37 (link)]. The HPLC-ELSD chromatogram of kinsenoside is shown in Figure 5 .
Pooled human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2A6 were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). Glucose-6-phosphate, β-NADP+, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phenacetin, coumarin, diclofenac, mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, midazolam, ketoconazole, and terfenadine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amlodipine and lovastatin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other solvents used were of HPLC grade and were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Distilled water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All standard solutions and mobile phases were passed through a 0.22 µm membrane filter before use.
Pooled human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2A6 were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). Glucose-6-phosphate, β-NADP+, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phenacetin, coumarin, diclofenac, mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, midazolam, ketoconazole, and terfenadine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amlodipine and lovastatin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other solvents used were of HPLC grade and were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Distilled water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All standard solutions and mobile phases were passed through a 0.22 µm membrane filter before use.
5
Cryopreserved Human Hepatocyte Assay
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The mixed-gender 10 donor pooled cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes with 5 million cells, hepatocyte thawing buffer, and incubation buffer were purchased from BIOIVT elevating science (Baltimore, MD). Gefitinib, losartan, SSRIs (citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine), and CYP-specific substrates (phenacetin, mephenytoin, tolbutamide, dexamethorphan, nifedipine) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Recombinant pooled human supersomes for CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, and the NADPH regeneration system solutions A and B were obtained from Corning Life and Sciences (Tewksbury, MA).
6
Characterization of Phytochemicals in SZ-A Extract
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DNJ (purity >99.0%) and SZ-A extract (Lot No.: J202004007, containing 36.88% of DNJ, 8.78% of FA, and 5.83% of DAB; Lot No.: J202108007, containing 36.52% of DNJ, 9.60% of FA, and 7.62% of DAB) were provided by Beijing Wehand-bio Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of SZ-A is shown in Supplementary Figure S1 . Miglitol was obtained from TCI Shanghai Chemical Industrial Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). FA (purity >98.0%) was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, United States ). DAB (purity >98.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States ). Human liver microsomes (HLMs) were purchased from Reid Liver Disease Research (Shanghai, China). Glucose-6-phosphate, oxidized coenzyme H (β-NADP), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, midazolam, phenacetin, dextromethorphan, mephenytoin, chlorzoxazone, diclofenac sodium, 1-Hydroxy-midazolam, 4-hydroxy-mephenytoin, acetaminophen, 4-Hydroxy-diclofenac sodium, demethyldextromethorphan, 6-Hydroxy-chlorzoxazone, furaphylline, sulfafenpyrazole, quinidine, ketoconazole, and sodium diethyldithiacarbamate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States ). All other organic reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).
7
Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay Protocol
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Flucloxacillin (CAS: 1847‐24‐1) was a kind gift of Dr Bayliss from the University of Liverpool. β‐Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate disodium salt (NADP ; CAS: 24292‐60‐2), glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P; CAS: 54010‐71‐8), G‐6‐P dehydrogenase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae bufuralol (CAS: 60398‐91‐6), chlorzoxazone (CAS: 95‐25‐0), diethyldithiocarbamate (CAS: 20624‐25‐3), fluvoxamine maleate (CAS: 22916‐47‐8), ketoconazole (CAS: 65277‐42‐1), (S)‐mephenytoin (CAS: 70989‐04‐7), miconazole (CAS: 22916‐47‐8), α‐naphtoflavone (CAS: 604‐59‐1), quercetin (CAS: 6151‐25‐3), quinidine (CAS: 56‐54‐2), sulfaphenazole (CAS: 526‐08‐9), testosterone (CAS: 58‐22‐0), ticlopidine (CAS: 53885‐35‐1) and troleandomycin (CAS: 2751‐09‐9) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Midazolam (CAS: 59467‐96‐8) was from Duchefa Farma (Haarlem, the Netherlands). All other chemicals were of analytical grade purity and obtained from standard suppliers.
8
Characterization of Herbal Extract Compounds
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Aqueous extract samples of fruit stalks of H. dulcis were provided by Lifetree Biotech Co., Ltd. (Suwon, Korea). The extract was standardized to contain 0.88 ± 0.05 mg/g of ampelopsin and 0.86 ± 0.05 mg/g of taxifolin by HPLC analysis [Figure 1 ]. Pooled human liver microsomes were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). Glucose-6-phosphate, β-NADP+, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phenacetin, coumarin, paclitaxel, diclofenac, mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, midazolam, furafylline, methoxsalen, sulfaphenazole, ticlopidine, quercetin, quinidine, ketoconazole, and terfenadine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents for HPLC were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Distilled water was prepared using a MilliQ purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).
9
Pogostone and Hepatic Metabolism
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Pogostone was obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). The substrates, including phenacetin, testosterone, coumarin, chlorzoxazone, dextromethorphan, diclofenac, mephenytoin, and paclitaxel, were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (Chicago, IL, USA). Pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) were purchased from BD Biosciences (Woburn, MA, USA). The purity of chemicals was more than 98%, and other reagents were of analytical reagent grade.
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