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10 protocols using rat anti mouse ly6g

1

Adipose Tissue Immune Cell Visualization

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Paraffin sections of white adipose tissue (5μm thickness) were stained with rat anti mouse Ly6G (1:100; BD Biosciences) and rabbit anti mouse Cathelicidin (1:100; Innovagen). Subsequently, samples were incubated with Alexa fluor 647 donkey anti rabbit (1:500; Invitrogen), donkey anti rat 549 (1:500; Invitrogen), and the DNA-binding dye DAPI (Invitrogen). Co-localization of these markers was determined by confocal microscopy (SP-8 X, Leica). In addition paraffin sections of white adipose tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Adipocyte size was determined of 100 adipocytes per mouse by use of ImageJ.
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2

Characterization of Neutrophils and Macrophages

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Single cell suspensions were prepared from peritoneal lavage samples or in vitro cell preparations. Cell counts were determined using a Coulter AcT 10 cell counter (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA). Cells were suspended in FACS buffer (PBS with 1% bovine albumin and 0.1% azide) and nonspecific binding to cells was prevented by adding 5% rat serum (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) and 1ul/sample of Fc Block (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA). These cells were stained with the following antibodies: Rat Anti-mouse Ly6G (BD Bioscience, Clone: 1A8, San Jose, CA), F4/80 (BD Bioscience), and FITC Annexin V (BD Bioscience). Neutrophils were characterized by expression of Ly6G, and peritoneal macrophages by expression of F4/80. FACS analsysis was conducted and analyzed using expression was determined using an Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer (Attune, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY).
Neutrophil parent cell identification of microparticles was conducted using rat Anti-mouse Ly6 labeling. Microparticle populations were sized on forward- and side-scatter gates using 0.5-, 0.9-, and 3.0-μm latex calibration beads as previously described (38 (link)).
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3

Corneal Inflammation and Wound Healing Assay

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It has previously been shown that vessel dilatation and neutrophil accumulation reached a peak at 12 to 18 hours after corneal epithelial injury (23 (link)). Thus, after 18 hours from debridement surgery, mice were euthanized, and the eyes were enucleated. Tissues (n>3 per group) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 hour and the globes were dissected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) under a dissecting microscope, leaving the corneas with complete limbi. After washing three times with PBS, corneas were blocked in 2% bovine serum albumin for 15 minutes and permeabilized with 0.15 Triton X-100/2% bovine serum albumin for 1 hour. The corneas were then incubated with the following antibodies; anti-Ki67(Invitrogen 42569880, Carlsband, CA), rat anti-mouse Ly6G (BD Biosciences 565369, San Jose, CA), and hamster anti-mouse γδTCR (Invitrogen 17571181). At least three replicate corneal samples were imaged for each marker. Z stack corneal images were analyzed using ImageJ (Version 1.51, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) and subsequent manual counting of positively stained cells confirmed accuracy. Immunofluorescent cells at central, paracentral, peripheral and limbal regions (each presumed to occupy ¼ of corneal radius) of the cornea were counted. Wound edge is defined as occupying two adjacent 20x microscopic fields from the ridge of proliferating epithelial cells.
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4

Quantification of Thrombus Neutrophils in DVT

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A subset of mice (n=7) were sacrificed at day 2 after FDG injection and were perfused with saline via the left ventricle. Each IVC thrombus was then removed from the vein wall and measured for thrombus radioactivity by a gamma radiation counter (Wizard, PerkinElmer).
For histopathology and immunoblotting, day 2 or day 14 IVC VT were resected and fixed overnight with 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for paraffin sectioning. Serial 6-μm sections were utilized for picrosirius red staining and immunohistochemistry. Vein wall scarring was quantified as the total thickness of the vein wall on polarized picrosirius red stained VT sections. Day 2 thrombus neutrophils were identified using morphometric and immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal NIMP-R14 antibody (1:100, Santa Cruz), vectastain ABC kit and DAB substrate (Vector labs). Neutrophil counts IHC sections were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. The number of thrombus neutrophils was quantified per 5 high power fields as previously reported.15 (link), 16 (link) For immunoblots of day 2 thrombi, the resected thrombi were homogenized in RIPA buffer supplemented with protease inhibitors (cOmplete, Roche). Extracted proteins were separated by SDS PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes for immunoblotting. Rat anti-mouse Ly6G (1:1000, BD Pharmingen) and anti-beta actin antibodies (1:1000, Sigma) were used.
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5

Immunohistochemical Staining of Murine Tissues

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Paraffin-embedded murine tissues were cut at 3 um and placed on super-frost slides. After dewaxing and rehydration, antigen unmasking was performed with Decloaking Chamber in DIVA Buffer 1X (DV2005L2J Biocare Medical, Pacheco, CA, USA) (3 min at 125 °C, 5 min at 90 °C) (CD31, CD3, Ly6G); for IBA1 staining, antigen unmasking was not performed. Endogenous peroxidases were blocked with 2% H2O2 for 20 min and then rodent block M (for IBA1) or PBS/BSA (bovin serum albumin) 2% (for CD31, CD3, and Ly6G staining) were used to block unspecific binding sites. Sections were incubated with the following antibodies: rabbit anti-mouse IBA-1 (1:250, Wako), goat anti-mouse CD31 (1:1000, R&D), rat anti-mouse CD3 (1:1000, Serotec), and rat anti-mouse Ly6G (1:200, BD Biosciences). All the primary antibodies were incubated for 1 h in a humid chamber at room temperature. As secondary antibody, we used a Rat on Mouse HRP polymer kit (Biocare Medical) (CD3, Ly6G), Goat on Rodent (Biocare Medical) (CD31), and Mach1 (Biocare Medical) (IBA1). Reactions were developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, DAB (Biocare Medical) and then counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with Eukitt.
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6

Quantifying Neutrophil Density in Thrombi

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Isolated thrombi were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned according to standard protocols. For all thrombi with adequate tissue remaining after processing, immunohistochemical staining was performed in the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center Histology Core on a Dako Autostainer Link 48 (Agilent). Heat-induced epitope retrieval of deparaffinized sections was with EnVision FLEX Target Retrieval Solution, Low pH (Dako Omnis, Agilent), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After blocking with peroxidase blocker for 5 minutes, the primary antibody was Rat Anti-Mouse Ly6G (BD Biosciences, 551459) at 1:500 for 30 minutes at room temperature. This was followed by the ImmPRESS HRP Goat Anti-Rat IgG Polymer Detection Kit (Vector Laboratories) with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Images of thrombi were captured with a Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader. ImageJ (NIH) was used to quantify neutrophil density by counting the number of Ly6G-positive cells in a representative area of each thrombus section.
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7

Visualizing Bacterial Lung Infection and Immune Response

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Animals with pneumonia were intravenously injected with 100 nmol of FAM-labeled synthetic peptide, at 24–48 h
post-infection, and the peptide was allowed to circulate for 30–60 minutes. Following terminal cardiac perfusion with PBS,
lungs and other organs were isolated, fixed in 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS overnight, washed with PBS,
cryo-protected in sucrose solution [30% (w/v) in PBS] overnight, and processed through OCT embedding.
Ten-μm sections were cut and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. The primary antibodies for immunofluorescence were
rabbit anti-Staphylococcus aureus, (ab20920, Abcam); rabbit anti-Fluorescein (A889, Invitrogen); rabbit
anti-Pseudomonas (ab68538, Abcam); rat anti-mouse CD11b (550282, BD Pharmingen); rat anti-mouse CD45 (550539,
BD Pharmingen); rat anti-mouse Ly-6G (551459, BD Pharmingen). These antibodies were incubated in diluted (1%) blocking
buffer overnight at dilutions 1:100 or 1:200 at 4°C, the sections were washed with PBS-T and incubated with secondary
antibodies diluted 1:500 or 1:1000, in 1% blocking buffer for one hour at room temperature. Subsequently sections were
washed with PBS-T, counterstained with DAPI (1ug/mL) in PBS for 10 minutes, washed with PBS, mounted using mounting media
(Molecular Probes, Life Technologies), and examined using a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM-710).
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8

Platelet Activation and Apoptosis Analysis

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Apyrase (Grade III, from potatoe). Cy™5 Annexin V (#559933) and mouse anti-human CD42a (#558819), FITC hamster anti mouse CD45 (#553252) and rat anti mouse Ly-6G (#551459) were from BD Biosciences. FITC hamster anti mouse CD40L (#ab24934) was from abcam, and FITC Mouse anti human FasL (#ab87023) was from abcam, PE rat anti mouse JON/A (integrin αIIbβ3, M023-2), FITC rat anti mouse CD62P (#M130-1), PE rat anti mouse GPIbα (##M040-2) and purified rat anti mouse GPIbα (#M042-0) was purchased from emfret analytics, cleaved caspase 3 (#9661), (phospho) MAPK family antibody sampler kit (#9926 and #9910) and (phospho) rabbit anti mouse MEK1/2 (#9122, #9121) was from Cell Signaling, rabbit anti mouse EGR-1 (#sc-110) was from Santa Cruz, rabbit anti human fibrin(ogen) (#2022-03) was from Dako, GP9 antibody was purchased from Bioorbyt (#orb 167288) and HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (#NA931) was from GE Healthcare. All other reagents were of analytical grade.
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9

Immunostaining and Immunoblotting Antibodies

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The following antibodies were used in immunostaining: rat anti-mouse CD31 (BD Biosciences), goat anti-mouse CD45 (BD Pharmingen), goat anti-mouse fibrinogen (Nordic Immunological Laboratories), rat anti-mouse Ly6G (BD Pharmingen). Fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies were derived from donkey (Invitrogen) or goat (Jackson ImmunoResearch). The following antibodies were used in immunoblotting: goat anti-mouse VEGFR2 (R&D), phospho-VEGFR2 (pY1175) (Cell Signaling), goat anti-mouse VE-cadherin (R&D), anti-GAPDH mouse monoclonal antibody (Millipore). Rabbit antibodies against c-Src (32G6), pY418 Src (D49G4), extracellular regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, pT202Y204 Erk1/2 (197G2), Akt, pT308 Akt were all from Cell Signaling. Anti-pY685 VE-cadherin was kindly provided by Dr. Elisabetta Dejana Uppsala University/IFOM Milano (Orsenigo et al., 2012 ).
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10

Multimodal Immunophenotyping of Tissue Samples

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NKp46 immunohistochemistry staining was performed on tissue slides (4 μm) that were rehydrated and placed in citrate buffer 1M (15min microwave) for antigen retrieval. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with 3% H2O2 for 20 min and unspecific binding sites were blocked for 30 min with Rodent Block M (Biocare Medical). Samples were then incubated 1h with Goat Anti-Mouse NKp46 (AF2225 R&D) and detected by Goat on rodent Polymer kit (Biocare), followed by DAB Chromogen Kit (Biocare). Matched IgG was used for negative control. For Ly6G immunostaining, Rat Anti-Mouse Ly6G (BD Biosciences) was used. To localize CCRL2 positive cells in the lungs, tissues were analyzed with RNAscope assay (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Newark, CA, USA) using RNAscope 2.5 HD Assay-RED kit and Mm-Ccrl2-No-Xhs probes. Sections from fixed mouse tissue blocks were treated following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, freshly cut 3μm sections were deparaffinized and treated with the peroxidase block solution for 10 min at room temperature followed by the retrieval solution for 15 min at 98°C and by protease plus at 40 °C. Control probes included positive control Mm-Polr2a and negative control dapB. The hybridization was performed for 2 h at 40°C. The signal was revealed using RNAscope 2.5 HD Detection Reagent and FAST RED.
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