Oxamniquine

Auranofin, gambogic acid (GA), disulfiram, menadione, oltipraz, parthenolide, plumbagin from Plumbago indica, PZQ, thonzonium bromide, sanguinarine chloride hydrate, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), percoll and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were from Sigma-Aldrich. The Ro 15–5458 compound was a kind gift from Dr H. Stohler (Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and oxamniquine was provided by Pfizer, London. Drugs were dissolved in DMSO to obtain stock solutions at 10 mM and were then diluted into culture medium. CellTiter-Glo (CTG) reagent, used in the schistosomula viability luminescence-based assay, and CellTox green dye, used in the schistosomula staining, were from Promega. BioWhittaker Dulbecco-Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) lacking phenol red and containing 4500 mg/l glucose, 1 mM Hepes pH 6.98–7.30, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1x antibiotic-antimycotic reagent (Life Technologies) and 10% heat inactivated FBS, was used as tissue culture medium for schistosomula. Adult worms were cultured in BioWhittaker DMEM containing 4500 mg/l glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 0.5 μg/ml amphothericin B and 10% heat inactivated FBS.

Oxamniquine was kindly donated by Pfizer (New York City, USA) while the Fc-OXA, Rc-OXA and Bn-OXA were prepared starting from Oxamniquine, as described previously [11 (link)].