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8 protocols using anti gap43

1

Immunofluorescence Staining of Neural Markers

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Control and treated cells were given a washing with chilled 1X PBS followed by fixation with acetone and methanol (1:1) and permeabilization with 0.3% Triton- X100 in 1X PBS. Cells were then blocked with 2% BSA and incubated with primary mouse monoclonal antibody anti-α-Tubulin (1:500), anti-NF-κB (1:500), anti-MAP-2 (1:250), anti-NF200 (1:500), anti-GAP 43 (1:250), anti-HSP70 (1:500), anti-Mortalin (1:500), anti-Bcl-xL (1:200), anti-Cyclin D1(1:250), anti-NCAM (1:250), rabbit monoclonal anti-AP-1(1:250) (all from Sigma-Aldrich) and mouse monoclonal anti-PCNA (1:250), mouse polyclonal anti-PSA-NCAM (1:250) (from Millipore, MA, USA) for 24 h in humid chamber at 4 °C. No permeabilization was carried out for PSA-NCAM immunostaining. After primary antibody incubation, three washings were given with 0.1% PBST and incubated with secondary antibody (goat anti-mouse/ rabbit IgG/ IgM Alexa Fluor 488/543) for 2 h at RT. Cells were stained with nuclear staining dye DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min, washed with 0.1% PBST and mounted with antifading agent Fluoromount (Sigma-Aldrich). Images were captured with Nikon AIR Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope and analyzed with NIS elements analysis software version 4.11.00 (Nikon Co., Tokyo, Japan). Each experiment was carried out in triplicate.
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2

Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting Protocol

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Cells were harvested and lysed respectively in IP Lysis Buffer (Thermo, USA) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Roche, Switzerland). The protein samples were incubated with indicated antibody in 1 mL IP Lysis Buffer overnight at 4 °C, and then were precipitated with 20 μL Protein A/G Plus-agarose (Roche, Switzerland). After a brief centrifugation, the pellet was washed 3 times with IP Lysis Buffer. The lysates and immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting.
Immunoblotting was performed using indicated primary antibodies: anti-MAGE-G1 (B-Bridge, USA), anti-GFP (Proteintech, USA), anti-GAP43 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), anti-Neuron-specific III β-tubulin (Bioworld, China), anti-GAPDH (Bioworld, China), anti-active Caspase3 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), anti-FSCN1 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and anti-VIME (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), anti-GST (Proteintech, USA), anti-Flag (MBL, USA). Detailed information of immunoblotting analysis was previously described42 .
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3

Antibodies Used in Neuroscience Research

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The following antibodies were used in this study: Affinity-purified neuroserpin apK53, a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised to a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 19 C-terminal amino acids of rat neuroserpin [20] , anti-FLAG (Cat No: F3165, Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, MO, USA), anti-GAPDH (Cat No: ab8245, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-synapsin (Cat No: 611392, BD Biosciences, CA, USA), anti-PSD-95 (Cat No: MAI-045, Thermo Scientific, IL, USA), anti-NR1 (Cat No: 556308, BD Biosciences, CA, USA), anti-Tau (Cat No: MAB3420, Millipore, MA, USA), anti-GAP-43 (Cat No: G9264, Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, MO, USA), goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) Horseradish Peroxidase-conjugated antibody (Cat No: 111-035-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., PA, USA), and goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Horseradish Peroxidase-conjugated (Cat No: 115-035-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., PA, USA).
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4

Immunocytochemistry of Neural Cell Markers

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The cells were fixed for 30 min at room temperature with 4% of paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, 40 pH 7.4, and permeabilized with 0.1% of Triton1-X100 in PBS for 10 min, followed by blocking with 5% skimmed milk in PBS for 30 min. The samples were incubated with mouse primary monoclonal antibody, anti-Nestin 1:200 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), anti-GAP43 (1:500; Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy), anti-beta Tubulin III (1:250; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-Doublecortin (1:200; Abcam, DBA, Milan, Italy) as the primary antibody and anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 568 probe (Molecular Probes) as the secondary antibody. All samples were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin green fluorescence conjugate (1:200), as a marker of the cytoskeleton actin and with TO-PRO staining to stain the nuclei [42 (link)]. The samples were observed using a Zeiss LSM800 META confocal (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope equipped with a Plan Neofluar oil-immersion objective (40×/1.3 NA). The images were collected using an argon laser beam with excitation lines at 488 nm and a helium–neon source at 543 and 633 nm.
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5

Immunofluorescence Analysis of hPDLSCs

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hPDLSCs, at the second passage, treated and untreated with the mixture (CBD and MOR) were fixed and processed for immunofluorescence staining as reported by Diomede et al. [43 (link)]. Cells were incubated with mouse primary monoclonal antibody anti-GAP43 1:200 (Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy), rabbit anti-Nestin 1:200 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-BDNF 1:100 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and mouse anti-GFAP 1:100 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and mouse anti-GFAP 1:100 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), followed by anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, Monza, Italy) and anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 (Molecular Probes), respectively.
All samples were incubated with Alexa Fluor 568 phalloidin red fluorescence conjugate (1:400), as a marker of the cytoskeleton actin and with TOPRO to highlight the nuclei [44 (link)]. Samples were observed using a CLSM (Zeiss LSM800 META, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). After treatment the percentages of GAP43/Nestin/BDNF/GFAP-positive cells were quantified based on the 15 images collected randomly. Experiments have been carried out in triplicates on cells derived from three different donors.
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6

Neurogenic Differentiation of hPDLSCs

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CTRL and MORINGIN-hPDLSCs were cultured in undifferentiated and neurogenic differentiated medium for 10 days. Differentiation medium was composed by Neurobasal-A Medium(Gibco®) containing B27 (2%), L-glutamine (2 mM), penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 mg/ml) and amphotericin B (5 mg/ml) and supplemented with basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF, 20 ng/ml) (TemaRicerca, Milan, Italy)39 (link). Fixed cells were incubated with rabbit primary monoclonal antibody, anti-GAP-43 (rabbit, 1:200; Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy), anti-p75 (rabbit, 1:200; DBA, Milan, Italy), anti-BDNF (rabbit; 1:50; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and anti-Nestin (rabbit, 1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology)40 (link),41 (link). Cells were incubated with anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, Monza, MI, Italy). All samples were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin green fluorescence conjugate (1:400), to mark the cytoskeleton actin and with TOPRO to staining nuclei. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (Zeiss LSM800, Zeiss, Jena, Germany), equipped with a Plan Neofluar oil-immersion objective (40×/1.3 NA) was used to samples observation.
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7

Immunofluorescence Staining of Frozen DRG Sections

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Frozen DRG sections (8 µm) were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. Following blocking with 5% bovine serum albumin, the DRG sections were incubated with anti-TNF-α (Millipore; 1∶100) and anti-GAP43 (Millipore; 1∶100) antibodies overnight at 4°C. Following 3 washes in 1× PBS, the sections were incubated with an anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody (Molecular Probe; for TNF-α, 1∶200) or an anti-mouse FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Dako, for GAP-43, 1∶200) for 1 hour at room temperature. The sections were then washed twice in 1× PBS and incubated for 5 min with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; 10 µg/ml; Sigma) for nuclear counterstaining, followed by 3 additional washes with 1× PBS. Finally, the sections were dried, mounted and observed through fluorescence microscopy (Nikon, Eclipse, TE300). After staining, images of samples from three independent experiments were captured on a fluorescence microscope. Ratios of fluorescent signal were measured from three random of microscopic areas (18548.61 µm2 per field) [23] (link). Images were captured using a digital camera (EvolutionTM VF) and analyzed with Image-Pro Plus® software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD).
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8

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of Neuronal Markers

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Sciatic nerves, DRGs, and spinal cord were sonicated and homogenized in RIA lysis buffer (50 mmol/l Tris–Cl pH 7.4, 150 mmol/l NaCl, 1 mmol/l ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1% NP-40, and 0.25% sodium deoxycholate) and Complete Mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (Roche Diagnostics). Protein concentration was determined by BCA Protein Assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL), and 50 µg of proteins were separated on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Polyvinylidene fluoride membranes were incubated with anti-VEGF (1:200; Abcam), anti-Akt-P (Ser473) (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), anti-GAP-43 (1:500; Millipore) and anti-P0 (1:500; Abcam), and anti-rabbit conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (1:2,000; DakoCytomation) combined with western blotting detection reagent (ECL Plus; Amersham, Freiburg, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The same membranes were stripped and incubated with anti-actin (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich) and anti-total Akt (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology). Band pixel intensities were quantified by GeneSnap software for Gene Genius Bio Imaging System (Syngene, Cambridge, UK) and normalized by anti-actin levels in each line and by anti-total Akt levels for Akt-P samples.
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