Surface charge was characterised viz. zeta potential (ZP), point of zero charge (pHPZC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) using a NanoPlus HD analyser (Micromeritics, USA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) for specific surface area (SSA). Pore size distribution and pore volume were determined using N2 sorption (Tristar II 3020, Micromeritics, USA) and the elemental composition (C, N, S) measured using a LECO TruMac C/N/S. The surface functional groups and morphology was investigated with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR, Agilent Cary 600), X-ray diffraction (XRD, Empyrean, PANanalytical) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Zeiss Sigma, Germany) equipped with a Bruker energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detector. Additionally, the micromorphology of biochar samples were determined using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, JEM-2100F, Japan) coupled with EDS detector (JEOL-JED-2300). Antimony in all aqueous samples was determined by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, PerkinElmer Avio 200, USA). The elemental oxidation number, surface composition and speciation of sorbed Sb on the biochars surface also determined by XPS (ESCALAB250Xi, Thermo Scientific, UK, mono-chromated Al K alpha).
Avio 200
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Avio 200 is a compact and versatile inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) designed for routine elemental analysis. It offers reliable performance and high-throughput capability for a wide range of analytical applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Jsm 6400, by JEOL (2 mentions)
Toc 500, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Axis ultra dld, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (2 mentions)
Nitric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Escalab 250xi x ray photoelectron spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Miniflex 600, by Rigaku (2 mentions)
Tristar 2 3020, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
Escalab 250xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Rint 2200, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Eds system, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Avance 3 300 mhz, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Multiwave pro, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
Spectrum one, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Ti 950, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Nexion 300, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Icp oes, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ni no3 2 6h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pdcl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
59 protocols using avio 200
1
Comprehensive Characterization of Biochar
2
Comprehensive Analytical Characterization of Minerals
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Total Fe and rare earths in the acids were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Avio-200, Perkinelmer, USA). Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the acids were determined through the standard method35 (link). Nitrate in the nitric acid was determined by ion chromatograph (881 pro, Metrohm, Switzerland). Total organic carbon and pH were measured by organic matter analyser (TOC 500, Shimadzu, Japan) and pH meter (S210-S, Mettler Toledo, USA). The crystallisation and morphology of the obtained particles were recorded by X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku, Rint2200, Japan) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6400, JEOL, Japan), respectively.
3
ICP-OES Analysis of Silicon Calibrations
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The ICP-OES analyses of Si were performed on a Perkin Elmer Avio-200 (radio frequency power 1500 W, gas flow rates 8 L/min (Ar, plasma), 0.2 L/min (N2, auxiliary), pump 0.8 L/min (nebulizer), concentric glass nebulizer, cyclonic glass spray chamber, spectral lines: Si 251.611 nm, Y 371.029 nm). Certified reference element standards (TraceCERT®; Y, 989 mg kg−1 in 2% HNO3; Si, 975 mg kg−1 in 2% NaOH, Sigma-Aldrich) were diluted gravimetrically in an acidic BgS to a concentration of 50 mg kg−1.
Four types of Si calibrations with increasing complexity were prepared using the same volumes and concentrations as in the digestion method KOH0.1 to assess the effects on the Si sensitivity of the ICP-OES for samples in different acids, in KOH matrix, and digested in the microwave. The four Si calibrations were Si in water and H2SO4 (short: water + H2SO4); Si in BgS; Si in water and KOH (3 mL, 0.1 M), acidified by H2SO4 (short: matrix-matched + H2SO4); and Si in water and KOH (3 mL, 0.1 M) digested in the microwave, and acidified by H2SO4 (short: matrix-matched + H2SO4 + digested). The background was accounted for by subtraction of the blank concentration.
Four types of Si calibrations with increasing complexity were prepared using the same volumes and concentrations as in the digestion method KOH0.1 to assess the effects on the Si sensitivity of the ICP-OES for samples in different acids, in KOH matrix, and digested in the microwave. The four Si calibrations were Si in water and H2SO4 (short: water + H2SO4); Si in BgS; Si in water and KOH (3 mL, 0.1 M), acidified by H2SO4 (short: matrix-matched + H2SO4); and Si in water and KOH (3 mL, 0.1 M) digested in the microwave, and acidified by H2SO4 (short: matrix-matched + H2SO4 + digested). The background was accounted for by subtraction of the blank concentration.
4
Locating Iron in Clay Samples
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To locate the position
of iron in the samples, we mapped microscopic areas dominated by halloysite
or kaolinite for the element of interest using energy-dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS) (Bruker EDS system, U.K.). The total dissolved Fe and other
selective elements (Al, Si, Ca, and S) from the first two washes of
the acid treatment process (Section 2.2.1 ) were measured using inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Avio 200, PerkinElmer
Instruments). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Kratos AXIS
Ultra DLD, U.K.) was also used to detect the state of iron oxides
in the samples. To reveal the chemical shift of aluminum (Al) from
contrasting Fe-rich clays after the acid treatment, a solid-state
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement was carried out using
a Bruker Avance III 300 mHz instrument operating at a frequency of
78 mHz for the 27Al nucleus. The samples were packed in
a 4 mm zirconia rotor and spun to 12 kHz at the magic angle. The spectra
were gained with a hard 3 μs pulse and with 1k signal transients
for a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The spectra were referenced
to the 27Al signal of a 1 molar aqueous solution of Al(NO3)3 at 0 ppm.
of iron in the samples, we mapped microscopic areas dominated by halloysite
or kaolinite for the element of interest using energy-dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS) (Bruker EDS system, U.K.). The total dissolved Fe and other
selective elements (Al, Si, Ca, and S) from the first two washes of
the acid treatment process (
plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Avio 200, PerkinElmer
Instruments). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Kratos AXIS
Ultra DLD, U.K.) was also used to detect the state of iron oxides
in the samples. To reveal the chemical shift of aluminum (Al) from
contrasting Fe-rich clays after the acid treatment, a solid-state
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement was carried out using
a Bruker Avance III 300 mHz instrument operating at a frequency of
78 mHz for the 27Al nucleus. The samples were packed in
a 4 mm zirconia rotor and spun to 12 kHz at the magic angle. The spectra
were gained with a hard 3 μs pulse and with 1k signal transients
for a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The spectra were referenced
to the 27Al signal of a 1 molar aqueous solution of Al(NO3)3 at 0 ppm.
5
Ion Selectivity in Mixed-Salt Filtration
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In single-salt filtration, the aqueous feed solutions contain either KCl or LiCl at various ionic strengths. The permeate ion concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Avio 200, Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with calibration curves. Salt passages were calculated using Equation (1), and results are the average values from three pristine membranes. Uncertainties represent standard deviations.
In mixed-salt filtration, the feed solutions contain a mixture of K and Li salts at various Li+/K+ ratios. The ion passages are calculated with Equation (1), and the Li+/K+ selectivities are calculated using Equation (2). Again, experimental results are the average values from three pristine membranes and uncertainties are standard deviations.
In all studies, the first 15 mL of permeate was discarded because it was likely contaminated with residual solution in the dead volume of the test unit. The next 5 mL of the permeate was collected as a sample.
In mixed-salt filtration, the feed solutions contain a mixture of K and Li salts at various Li+/K+ ratios. The ion passages are calculated with Equation (1), and the Li+/K+ selectivities are calculated using Equation (2). Again, experimental results are the average values from three pristine membranes and uncertainties are standard deviations.
In all studies, the first 15 mL of permeate was discarded because it was likely contaminated with residual solution in the dead volume of the test unit. The next 5 mL of the permeate was collected as a sample.
6
Precise Elemental Analysis of Calcium Phosphate Powders
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To determine the exact elemental ratio in as prepared calcium phosphate powder and the biominerals doped CP powder, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) technique with ICP-AES spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Avio 200, Waltham, MA, USA) was used. The measurement was performed in a cyclone fog chamber in the presence of an internal standard (1 ppm Y). Four-point calibration was applied, and standard solutions in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm were recorded for each element. For analyses, 1 mg of CP and the dCP powders were dissolved in 10 mL 1 N HCl solution.
7
Quantification of Heavy Metal Uptake and Translocation in Plants
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Next, 0.2 g (dry weight) of ground shoot and root tissues was digested with 5 mL of mixed solution of nitric acid (AR) and hydrogen peroxide (30%) (v/v, 4:1) at 180 °C. The digestion liquid was used to measure the content of manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Avio 200, Perkin Elmer, USA). In addition, 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was used to digest the shoots and roots of plants at 220 °C to determine the total nitrogen (N) content by flow analyzer (San++, Skalar, Holland).
Bio-concentration factor (BF) is the ratio of the toxic metal concentration of the plant to the same element in the soil, and it is commonly used to measure the potential of plants for extracting heavy metals [54 (link)]. Transfer factor (TF) is an indicator of toxic metal translocation from root to shoot. These indicators were calculated as follows [55 (link)]:
where Cshoot and Croot are the toxic metal concentrations (mg/kg, dry weight) in the shoot and root, respectively. Csoil is the toxic metal concentration (mg/kg, dry soil) in the soil.
Bio-concentration factor (BF) is the ratio of the toxic metal concentration of the plant to the same element in the soil, and it is commonly used to measure the potential of plants for extracting heavy metals [54 (link)]. Transfer factor (TF) is an indicator of toxic metal translocation from root to shoot. These indicators were calculated as follows [55 (link)]:
where Cshoot and Croot are the toxic metal concentrations (mg/kg, dry weight) in the shoot and root, respectively. Csoil is the toxic metal concentration (mg/kg, dry soil) in the soil.
8
Quantitative Analysis of Ionic Content in CAG Beads
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Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES; Avio 200, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to measure calcium and sodium ion content (n = 3). The dried CAG beads obtained after measuring the moisture content were collected and used as a dry sample for ICP-OES. The CAG bead preparation and drying process was repeated to collect approximately 0.3 g of dry sample for ICP-OES. Dry samples were completely dissolved in 2 mL ultrapure water, 4 mL nitric acid, and 0.5 mL hydrochloric acid using a microwave reaction system (Multiwave PRO, Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) and then ultrapure water was added to make 100 mL. The sodium ion content of the sample solution was measured at 589.592 nm by ICP-OES, while the calcium ion content was measured at 317.933 nm after the sample solution had been diluted 10-fold. Calibration curves were produced from 0 to 25 mg/L of calcium ions and 0 to 200 mg/L of sodium ions using standard solutions and were used to determine the calcium and sodium ion content. The ion and moisture contents of the dried CAG beads were used to calculate the ion content of the wet CAG beads.
9
Hand Wipe Protocol for Metal Analysis
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There is currently no description of a reference wiping pattern applicable to the skin. The hand wipe pattern applied in this study was a modification from a method proposed by Gorce and Roff [18 (link)]. The hand wiping protocol was explained to all the study subjects. They were asked to do self-wiping on their own hands according to the protocol using a total of two wipes for the left and right hands at the end of the 8 h work shift. Two blank wipes were conducted without wiping for quality control in each shop. The wipe samples were extracted for the metals according to NIOSH method 9102 [19 ]. Briefly, the wipe samples or blank wipes were extracted using 20 ml of concentrated HNO3 and 1 ml of concentrated HClO4. The reaction was run for 30 min at room temperature and 2.5 h on a hotplate at an internal temperature of 150°C until the solution became clear. The extract was analyzed for the metal concentrations by ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer model Avio 200, USA).
The correlation coefficient, recovery rate, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical procedures are presented inTable 1 .
The correlation coefficient, recovery rate, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical procedures are presented in
10
Quantifying Microbial Phosphate Solubilization
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Pi-solubilizing abilities of rhizosphere microbes under different concentrations of P were determined by measuring the solubilization of Ca3(PO4)2. Rhizosphere microbes were extracted from 1 g rhizosphere soil mixed with 9 ml sterilized water. The soil/water mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 2 min, then 1 ml supernatant was added to 50 ml sterile PVK liquid medium [5 g Ca3(PO4)2, 0.5 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 g MgSO4, 0.2 g KCl, 10 g dextrose, 0.5 g yeast extract, 0.0001 g MnSO4, 0.0001 g FeSO4, and 1 l distilled water] and incubated for 5 days at 28°C and 180 rpm in a thermostatic shaker. A blank control with 1 ml sterilized water was included. Five millimeters of culture solution was removed at 0,12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, and centrifuged at 5000 g for 2 min. P content in the supernatant was measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, PerkinElmer Avio 200).
After incubation, microbes in each sample were collected for DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing to identify Pi- solubilizing agents.
After incubation, microbes in each sample were collected for DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing to identify Pi- solubilizing agents.
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