The DRS equipment used in this study, illustrated in Figure 1 , consisted of a broadband light source (HL-2000-HP, Ocean Optics, Edinburgh, United Kingdom) with emission ranging from 350 nm to 2400 nm, a quadrifurcated fiber optic probe with source-to-detector distance (SDD) of 630 µm (BF46LS01 1-to-4 Fan-Out Bundle, Thorlabs, Munich, Germany), a trifurcated fiber optic probe with SDD of 2500 µm (Fibertech Optica, Anjou, Canada), a visible/near-infrared (NIR) wavelength spectrometer (QE-Pro, Ocean Optics, Edinburgh, UK) and a NIR/SWIR spectrometer (NIR-Quest, Ocean Optics, Edinburgh, UK). The fiber optic probes were made of low-OH silica in order to allow better transmission at the SWIR range. These probes were used for both illumination and collection of the reflected light to be detected by the spectrometers. The visible/NIR spectrometer collected light in the wavelength range between 350 nm and 1140 nm, while the NIR/SWIR spectrometer detects light from 1090 nm to 1920 nm. The overlapping region was used to merge the spectra into one broadband spectrum from 350 nm to 1920 nm. Once reflected light was detected by the spectrometers, the intensity readings were preprocessed in order to obtain the tissue DRS spectra according to Section 2.5 .
Hl 2000 hp
Manufactured by OceanOptics
Sourced in United Kingdom
The HL-2000-HP is a high-power tungsten halogen light source. It provides broadband illumination across the visible and near-infrared spectrum. The HL-2000-HP has a power output of 20 watts and a wavelength range of 360-2400 nanometers.
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9 protocols using hl 2000 hp
1
Broadband Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Setup
2
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy with Smartphone
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The DRS experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 2 . Light from a broadband tungsten halogen lamp (HL-2000-HP, Ocean Optics) is coupled into an Ocean Optics fibre probe, which consists of 6 multimode fibres surrounding a single fibre in the center (see inset in Fig. 2 ). The fibre core size is 400 μm, and the diameter of each fibre and the seperation between the centers of neighboring fibres are ~480 μm. The six peripheral fibres are used for illumination while the central fibre collects the diffusely reflected light and delivers it to the G-Fresnel smartphone spectrometer.![]()
Schematic diagram of the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy experimental system by using the G-Fresnel smartphone spectrometer.
3
Optical Cavity Color Simulation
4
Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Oral Measurements
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The diffuse optical spectroscopy system Zenascope PC2 (Zenalux Biomedical Inc., Durham, NC, USA) was used for all measurements. The system consists of a console with a 40 W halogen lamp (HL2000HP; Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) for a light source, spectrometers (USB2000; Ocean Optics), and 2 optical probe fibers (750 µm core diameter) for illumination and collection. Two different probe types were used depending on the measurement site: either a straight or hooked design (illustrated in Figure 1 ). The hooked design was generally used for deeper sites within the oral cavity while the straight probe was used for oral sites; the physician chose which would be more suitable.
Automated pressure-sensing and repeated measurements were acquired in a single probe placement. The procedure for the pressure-sensing probe and auto-calibration in Zenascope have been described in recent papers [5 (link)]. Briefly, instead of calibration being performed at the beginning and end of the study, rapid measurements were taken immediately before each data point was acquired. The internal switch allowed for rapid switching between measurement and calibration channels. A series of 5 repeated measurements were taken from each site to evaluate any potential changes in DRS signal over time.
Automated pressure-sensing and repeated measurements were acquired in a single probe placement. The procedure for the pressure-sensing probe and auto-calibration in Zenascope have been described in recent papers [5 (link)]. Briefly, instead of calibration being performed at the beginning and end of the study, rapid measurements were taken immediately before each data point was acquired. The internal switch allowed for rapid switching between measurement and calibration channels. A series of 5 repeated measurements were taken from each site to evaluate any potential changes in DRS signal over time.
5
In-line Absorbance Spectroscopy Setup
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Absorbance measurements were
conducted after the heating stage, where the reaction mixture flows
through a high-purity perfluoralkoxy capillary (1/16 in. o.d., 500
μm i.d., IDEX Health & Science, USA). The in-line absorbance
spectrometer consists of a fiber-coupled halogen lamp (HL-2000 HP,
Ocean Optics, UK) and a fiber-coupled spectrometer (AvaSpec ULS2048
Starline, Avantes, USA). The spectrometer was operated between 200
and 1100 nm, and data were recorded using an integration time of 100
ms.
conducted after the heating stage, where the reaction mixture flows
through a high-purity perfluoralkoxy capillary (1/16 in. o.d., 500
μm i.d., IDEX Health & Science, USA). The in-line absorbance
spectrometer consists of a fiber-coupled halogen lamp (HL-2000 HP,
Ocean Optics, UK) and a fiber-coupled spectrometer (AvaSpec ULS2048
Starline, Avantes, USA). The spectrometer was operated between 200
and 1100 nm, and data were recorded using an integration time of 100
ms.
6
Quantitative Skin Lesion Analysis Using DRS
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The details of the DRS system and the analyzing model used could be found elsewhere (24 (link),25 (link)). Briefly, a customized quadfurcated assembly, which consisted of four optical Ultra-Violet/Visible fibers arranged in a linear array, was used to deliver the input and output light. The core diameter of each fiber was 200 µm, and the center-to-center separation between adjacent fibers was 260 µm. A 20-W tungsten halogen lamp with a spectrum ranging from 360 to 2,000 nm (HL-2000-HP; Ocean Optics, Inc.) was connected to one of the fibers, and the white light was delivered to the skin being investigated. The remitted light was collected and fed back to the miniature spectrometer (QE65000; Ocean Optics, Inc.) through another fiber. The source-detector fiberoptic distance (520 µm) was chosen in accordance with the previous studies (24 (link),28 (link)). The backscattered spectra ranging from 450 to 800 nm were recorded for data processing. The StO2 and the BVF of PWS lesions can be obtained by fitting the DRS.
7
Portable Fiber Optic Tissue Reflectance
8
Continuous-Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Breast Tumor Monitoring
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Our continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) system consists of two broadband light sources (tungsten halogen, HL-2000-HP, Ocean Optics) and two NIR spectrometers (600 to 1100 nm, USB 4000, Ocean Optics) as detectors. Two laptops were used to acquire and process the NIRS data. Each source and detector probe was fabricated to have bundled multimode optical fibers with 2-mm diameter and was placed on the top of breast tissue. The probe was carefully on the breast with light pressure to minimize motion artifacts during the experiment. The nipple was centered between the source and detector fibers so that data can be taken from the same position on tumors as close as possible through experiments. Source and detector fibers were placed 5-mm apart. The inhalational gas intervention was performed using a gas mixer with an isoflurane vaporizer. We maintained 1.5% to 2% isoflurane to keep the anesthesia state of the animal and used a warm water pad to keep the animal body temperature and to prevent hypothermia under anesthesia state.
9
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Respiratory Monitoring
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The NIRS system consists of two broadband light sources (tungsten halogen, HL-2000-HP, Ocean Optics) and two NIR spectrometers (600 to 1100 nm, USB 4000, Ocean Optics) as detectors. The source and detector probes are placed in contact with the tissue using bundled multimode optical fibers with 2-mm diameter. Each source-detector pair was placed 5 mm apart (Fig. 1). The protocol ensures that a fixed light pressure is applied on the breast by the probes. The point of contact is fixed to eliminate the effects of changes in contact conditions.
Respiratory challenges were performed using a gas mixer with an isoflurane vaporizer. The anesthesia state of the animal was maintained at 1.5% to 2% isoflurane. A warm water pad was used to maintain the body temperature and to prevent hypothermia due to anesthesia during the experiment.
Respiratory challenges were performed using a gas mixer with an isoflurane vaporizer. The anesthesia state of the animal was maintained at 1.5% to 2% isoflurane. A warm water pad was used to maintain the body temperature and to prevent hypothermia due to anesthesia during the experiment.
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