MRI was performed before and 6 months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy using an Achieva 3T X-series (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with an 8-channel knee coil. The imaging conditions were designed for T2 measurement (TSE multi TE, TR: 2000 ms, TE: 15/30/45/60/75/90 (ms), FOV: 160 × 160 (mm), slice thickness: 2.5 mm, matrix: 384 × 313).[6 (link)] All T2 mapping images were calculated and generated from multiple TE images using Philips MR console software. T2 mapping images in sagittal sections of medial femoral condyle were produced and 10 regions of interest (ROI) were set at intervals of 10° from the crossing site of the femoral axis and the articular surface of the femoral condyle to the posterior site bending to the bone axis by approximately 90° (Fig. 1 ). The depth of the ROI was from the superficial to middle layers of articular cartilage. T2 changes from before to after surgery were evaluated, with quantification of T2 values using OsiriX imaging software (OsiriX Foundation, Switzerland). Two orthopedic specialists belonging to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association determined the ROIs and estimated the mean T2 value.
8 channel knee coil
Manufactured by Philips
Sourced in Netherlands
The 8-channel knee coil is a medical imaging device designed for use with Philips magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. The core function of this coil is to receive and transmit radio frequency signals during MRI scans, which are then used to generate high-quality images of the knee joint and surrounding tissues.
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13 protocols using 8 channel knee coil
1
T2 Mapping of Articular Cartilage After Meniscectomy
2
Contrast-Enhanced MRA Imaging of Knee Graft
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Imaging was performed with a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imager (Gyroscan
Achieva; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with an 8-channel knee coil
6 (link)
. First, we obtained the
conventional images. Then, an intravenous infusion line was established on the
dorsal side of the patient’s hand and the patient was placed in the
supine position with the knee fully extended in the neutral position. A
fat-suppressed 3D-gradient echo T1-wighted image was used to obtain
contrast-enhanced MRA images. Contrast-enhanced MRA was performed after
intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA (0.1 mmol/kg body weight). The
imaging parameter was as follows: repetition time
(
TR)=7 msec, echo time
(
TE)=4.4 msec, flip angle (FA)=12,
field of view=150 mm, slice thickness=2.4 mm,
gap between slices=–1.2 mm, with a 256×190
matrix. Contrast-enhanced MRA was performed every 27 sec. Imaging was
confined to oblique and sagittal sections to align the popliteal artery. Total
imaging time was 2 min and 34 sec. Maximum intensity projection
images were obtained in each of the sagittal and transverse projections selected
to encompass the nutrient blood from the popliteal artery to the tendon graft
and bone tunnel wall. MRA was performed after approximately 3 months and 12
months after surgery.
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Imaging was performed with a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imager (Gyroscan
Achieva; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with an 8-channel knee coil
6 (link)
. First, we obtained the
conventional images. Then, an intravenous infusion line was established on the
dorsal side of the patient’s hand and the patient was placed in the
supine position with the knee fully extended in the neutral position. A
fat-suppressed 3D-gradient echo T1-wighted image was used to obtain
contrast-enhanced MRA images. Contrast-enhanced MRA was performed after
intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA (0.1 mmol/kg body weight). The
imaging parameter was as follows: repetition time
(
TR)=7 msec, echo time
(
TE)=4.4 msec, flip angle (FA)=12,
field of view=150 mm, slice thickness=2.4 mm,
gap between slices=–1.2 mm, with a 256×190
matrix. Contrast-enhanced MRA was performed every 27 sec. Imaging was
confined to oblique and sagittal sections to align the popliteal artery. Total
imaging time was 2 min and 34 sec. Maximum intensity projection
images were obtained in each of the sagittal and transverse projections selected
to encompass the nutrient blood from the popliteal artery to the tendon graft
and bone tunnel wall. MRA was performed after approximately 3 months and 12
months after surgery.
3
Longitudinal MRI of Canine Osteoarthritis
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Prior to, 3, and 12 weeks post-ACLT, under general anesthesia, the canines underwent MRI. A 3-T MRI human whole-body system (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio) equipped with an 8-channel knee coil was used. Dogs were placed in supine position, with both knees extended in the knee coil. A custom-made table was used to ensure the same position in both the MRI and the PET/CT. A clinical standard axial proton density (PD) turbo spin-echo (TSE) Spectral Presaturation with Inversion Recovery (SPIR) (Echo time [TE] = 15 ms, Repetition time [TR] = 2.1 seconds, flip angle = 90°, slice thickness = 2 mm, FOV = 115 mm, acquisition matrix 144 × 124, voxel size: FH = 0.56 mm, and AP = 0.7 mm) and a sagittal PD TSE fat saturated (TE = 45 ms, TR = 2.2 seconds, flip angle = 90°, slice thickness = 2 mm, and FOV = 88 mm) were acquired (Figure 1 ).
4
Ultrashort Echo Time Imaging of Lower Leg
5
MRI-Based Analysis of Knee Effusion Causes
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This study was performed with the approval of the local institutional review board. Eighty‐four patients (mean age = 45 yrs standard deviation ( SD ) = 16 yrs range = 7 − 81 yrs Table 1 .
6
3D Sagittal T1-weighted MRI Imaging
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MRI experiments were performed using a 3.0-T MRI scanner (Achieva 3.0T, Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with an 8-channel knee coil. Three-dimensional (3D) sagittal T1-weighted images were acquired using the turbo field echo sequence with the following settings: TR/TE=14/6.8 ms, 128×128 field-of-view (FOV), matrix size 256×256, voxel size 0.5×0.5×0.5, and number of slices=150. The details of the MRI protocols were the same as those described in a previous report [25 (link)].
7
Grading Residual Red Bone Marrow in Knee MRI
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The knee MR exams were conducted with a (Philips brand) 1.5 Tesla MR device by using an 8-channel knee coil. Coronal T1, coronal T1, sagittal-axial T2, and sagittal proton-weighted sequences were taken without giving contrast agent. The following parameters were used for the T1-weighted coronal spin-echo sequence: TR/TE 450/20; matrix size 256×192; section thicknes 3 mm; FOV 16 cm; bandwidth 16. The following parameters were used for the stir coronal sequence: TR/TE 746/7, matrix size 256×192; section thicknes 4 mm; FOV 16 cm; bandwidth 19 cm. The size of the patchy areas compatible with residual red bone marrow in the distal femoral metaphyses, hypointense relative to the neighboring bone tissue but hyper-isointense relative to the neighboring muscle tissue in T1WS, were evaluated qualitatively. Those areas were confirmed as being hyperintense in the STIR sequence. The lesions that are more hypointense than the neighboring muscle tissue are accepted as pathological (malignancy etc.) and were not included in the study. The measurements were repeated twice at different times in order to increase the accuracy of the grading system.
The patchy areas were defined as grade 1 if mild and covering less than 30% of the metaphysis, grade 2 if moderate and covering between 30% and 60% of the metaphysis, and grade 3 if diffuse and covering more than 60% of the metaphysis (Figures 1 , 2 ).
The patchy areas were defined as grade 1 if mild and covering less than 30% of the metaphysis, grade 2 if moderate and covering between 30% and 60% of the metaphysis, and grade 3 if diffuse and covering more than 60% of the metaphysis (
8
Knee MRI Acquisition Protocol
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MRI was performed on a 3 T-MRI scanner (Ingenia 3.0, Philips Healthcare) using a knee coil (8-Channel-Knee-Coil, Philips Healthcare). The protocol included a 3D-T1-weighted FFE sequence in transverse orientation (TR 6.1 ms, TE 2.3 ms, flip angle 35°, field of view 180 × 180, in-plane resolution 0.625 × 0.625 mm2, slice thickness 1.2 mm, spacing between slices 0.6 mm), a T1-weigthed TSE in sagittal (TR 1120 ms, TE 10.8 ms, flip angle 90°, FOV 150 × 150, in-plane resolution 0.174 × 0.174 mm2, slice thickness 2.0 mm, spacing between slices 2.2 mm), and coronal orientation (TR 855 ms, TE 10.8 ms, flip angle 90°, FOV 150 × 150, in-plane resolution 0.188 × 0.188 mm2, slice thickness 2.0 mm, spacing between slices 2.2 mm).
9
Longitudinal MRI Evaluation of Canine Knee after ACLT
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Prior, 3, 6, and 12 weeks after ACLT, under general anesthesia, the canines underwent MRI. The MRI was performed using a 3-T MRI human whole-body system (Achieva; Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio) using an 8-channel knee coil. Dogs were placed in the supine position, with both knees extended in the knee coil. A custom-made table was used to ensure the same position in both the MRI and the PET/CT imaging. A clinical standard transaxial proton density (PD) turbo spin-echo (TSE) Spectral Presaturation with Inversion Recovery (SPIR) sequence was used (Echo time [TE] = 15 milliseconds, repetition time [TR] = 2100 milliseconds, flip angle 90°, slice thickness = 2 mm, field of view (FOV) = 115 mm, acquisition matrix: 144 × 124, voxel size: Foot-to-Head [FH] 0.56 mm, Anterior-to-Posterior [AP] 0.7 mm), followed by a sagittal PD TSE fat-saturated sequence (TE = 45 milliseconds, TR = 2200 milliseconds, flip angle: 90°, slice thickness: 2 mm, FOV = 88 mm; Figures 1 and 2 ).
10
Evaluation of Cartilage Repair Using MRI
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Preoperative and follow-up MRI was performed using a 3.0-T MRI scanner (Achieva 3.0-T SE; Philips) with a dedicated 8-channel knee coil. Follow-up MRI was performed at a mean of 18.5 months postoperatively. The following sequences were utilized: (1) proton density (PD) spectral presaturation with inversion recovery (SPIR) transversal image (repetition time/echo time [TR/TE], 4000/15 milliseconds; field of view [FOV], 150×150 mm; matrix, 308×249; slice thickness [SL], 3.5 mm with 0.35-mm gap), (2) PD SPIR coronal image (TR/TE, 3500/15 milliseconds; FOV, 150×150 mm; matrix, 260×240; SL, 3.0 mm with 0.5-mm gap), (3) T2 SPIR sagittal image (TR/TE, 3200/70 milliseconds; FOV, 150×150 mm; matrix, 240×192; SL, 3.0 mm with 0.3-mm gap), and (4) turbo spin echo T1-weighted sagittal image (TR/TE, 600/20 milliseconds; FOV, 150×150; matrix, 240×240; SL, 3.0 mm with 0.3-mm gap). To avoid potential bias, an independent observer, who was a musculoskeletal radiologist not involved in the care of patients and blinded to the intention of this study, evaluated the MRI scans. The size of the cartilage lesion was measured using preoperative MRI. On follow-up MRI, the MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) scoring system was used for the evaluation of repaired cartilage (Table 2 ).36 (link)
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