5 5 dithiobis

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

5,5′-dithiobis is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a disulfide-containing reagent for the modification and analysis of proteins and other biomolecules. This compound is commonly utilized in analytical and biochemical procedures.

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8 protocols using 5 5 dithiobis

Cadmium Chloride Solubilization Protocol

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Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) was obtained from Oxford Laboratory, Mumbai, India, and solubilized in normal saline. Acetylthiocholine iodide, adenosine, 5,5′-dithiobis, 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), and Tris-HCl were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. All other reagents used in this study were of analytical grade and the water was glass distilled.

Akinyemi A.J, & Adeniyi P.A. (2018). Effect of Essential Oils from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizomes on Some Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cadmium Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Toxicology, 2018, 4109491.

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Antioxidant Properties of Turkish Honey

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Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), reduced glutathione (GSH), metphosphoric acid, 5,5’dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), trihydroxymethyl aminomethane (Tris), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) of technical grade used in this study were supplied by Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Kits for antioxidant enzymes analysis were supplied by Randox Laboratories Ltd. The honey sample of East Anatolia region was purchased from a local honey store in Van, Turkey.

Yaman T., Yener Z, & Celik I. (2016). Histopathological and biochemical investigations of protective role of honey in rats with experimental aflatoxicosis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 232.

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Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity Assay

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5,5’-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane, purified bovine blood SOD, NADH, glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (β-NADPH, type 1, tetrasodium salt), and glutathione reductase (GR; Type II from Baker’s Yeast), were from Sigma Chemicals Co, St. Louis (USA). All other chemicals were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and of the highest grade available.

Scuto M., Di Mauro P., Ontario M.L., Amato C., Modafferi S., Ciavardelli D., Trovato Salinaro A., Maiolino L, & Calabrese V. (2019). Nutritional Mushroom Treatment in Meniere’s Disease with Coriolus versicolor: A Rationale for Therapeutic Intervention in Neuroinflammation and Antineurodegeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(1), 284.

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Cardiovascular Pharmacology Reagent Protocol

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Xylazine, ketamine hydrochloride (Syntec, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), and heparin (Hipolabor, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) were used in the experiments. The reagents acetylcholine chloride, angiotensin II, indomethacin, metoprolol, NaCl, MgSO₄, CaCl₂, dextrose, phenylephrine, KH₂PO₄, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate, 5,5′-dithiobis, sodium nitroprusside, bovine serum albumin, KCl, NaHCO₃, reduced glutathione, Tris-HCl, xylenol orange, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). For LC-DAD-MS analyses, methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were HPLC grade and purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA).

Paulin F.V., Palozi R.A., Lorençone B.R., Macedo A.L., Guarnier L.P., Tirloni C.A., Romão P.V., Gasparotto Junior A, & Silva D.B. (2021). Prolonged Administration of Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. Prevents Impairment of Redox Status, Renal Dysfunction, and Cardiovascular Damage in 2K1C-Hypertensive Rats by Inhibiting ACE Activity and NO-GMPC Pathway Activation. Pharmaceutics, 13(10), 1579.

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Redox Assay for Oxidative Stress

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NADPH, 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzotic acid) (DTNB), glutathione reductase (GR, from Escherichia coli), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), bovine serum albumin, and digitonin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Auranofin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Trypsin, penicillin, streptomycin, RPMI 1640 medium, and fetal calf serum were products of HyClone (Logan City, UT, USA). Biotin hydrazide, sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH₄), spin desalting columns, centrifuge columns, and streptavidin agarose resin were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Other chemicals were of the highest grade available. Cigarettes were purchased from a market.

Zhang L., Ning M., Xu Y., Wang C., Zhao G., Cao Q, & Zhang J. (2016). Predicting the Cytotoxic Potency of Cigarette Smoke by Assessing the Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitory Capacity of Cigarette Smoke Extract. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 348.

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Recombinant Human Lactoferrin Analysis

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Human Lactoferrin (LF) recombinant, expressed in rice, Iron saturated, ≥ 90% (SDS-PAGE), Human Lactoferrin partially iron saturated (LF_p iron saturation ~ 0.07%) recombinant, expressed in rice, ≥ 90% (SDS-PAGE), dithiothreitol (DTT), urea, ethylendiamminotetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazane (NBD-Cl), N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide (NATA), bromopyruvic acid (BrP), cystamine, cystine, homocystine, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and ammonium bicarbonate (AMBIC) was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Water and formic acid (FA), LC–MS grade, were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Trypsin enzyme (Gold MS Grade) was from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Acetonitrile (ACN) (LC–MS grade) was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Notari S., Gambardella G., Vincenzoni F., Desiderio C., Castagnola M., Bocedi A, & Ricci G. (2023). The unusual properties of lactoferrin during its nascent phase. Scientific Reports, 13, 14113.

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HPLC-based Nicotine and Cotinine Analysis

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Nicotine with a purity of ≥99% and cotinine of 98% purity used as standards in the HPLC method. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), Naphthalene ethylene diamine dihydrochloride (NED), Methanol, Dichloromethane (DCM), Diethyl ether (DEE), Acetonitrile (ACN), Sodium n-Heptane sulphonic acid, 5, 5′-Dithiobis, 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), α, α, Dipyridyl, Ninhydrin-buffer reagent, Chloroform, Phenol, Folin ciocalteau reagent, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, and Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore.

Shaik F.B., Nagajothi G., Swarnalatha K., Kumar C.S., Rajendra W, & Maddu N. (2021). Correlation between smokeless tobacco (Gutkha) and biomarkers of oxidative stress in plasma with cardiovascular effects. Heliyon, 7(2), e05487.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles

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2,7 dichlorofl uorescindiacetate (DCFHDA), thiobarbituric acid, and 5,5′-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) were prepared from Sigma Chemical Company. All other solvents and chemicals were of the highest grade-commercially available. MnO 2 nanoparticles were prepared via the hydrothermal procedure with some modification (10) . In order to prepare nanoparticle, 20 ml of KMnO 4 (0.2 mM) were mixed with 16 ml MnO 4 (0.125 mM) for 5 minutes. The fi nal solution was warmed in a steel autoclave with Tefl on cover up to 160 °C and kept in 160 °C overnight and then was cooled at room temperature (11) . The resulting brown product was collected, washed with distilled water and ethanol 3 times, and dried with the hot air current for 12 h. The resulting particles were dispersed by sonication (10 min, 750 W and 20 kHz) in physiological saline (pH 7). Size distribution and nanoparticle dispersion were confi rmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiment and TEM imaging. As shown in Figure 1, size range of MnO 2 -NP was from 30 to 60 nm, TEM imaging also confi rmed well dispersion of nanoparticles by sonication.

Sadeghi L., Babadi V.Y, & Tanwir F. (2018). Manganese dioxide nanoparticle induces Parkinson like neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 119(6).

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