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Physiological monitoring unit

Manufactured by Siemens

The Physiological Monitoring Unit is a laboratory equipment designed to measure and record various physiological parameters of an individual. It is capable of monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. The device is intended for use in controlled research and clinical settings to gather data for analysis and evaluation.

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9 protocols using physiological monitoring unit

1

Psychosocial Stress Induction Protocol

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For psychosocial stress induction, we employed an adapted version of the MIST (Dedovic et al., 2005 (link); Pruessner et al., 2008 (link)). See Supplementary materials and methods M2 for details. In short, during the control condition, easy arithmetic questions were presented. Stress induction then consisted of difficult arithmetic questions under time pressure in addition to negative social feedback.
To evaluate subjectively experienced stress, we asked participants to rate their stress and strain level on a 10-point scale during the control and stress condition after the experiment. Heart rate was recorded using the integrated photoplethysmograpth of the Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit under the left index finger. As a manipulation check of physiological stress induction, six saliva samples were collected, the first two were averaged as a single baseline value (T0) to reduce situational influences on baseline measures (see Fig. 1). Details on peak detection and biochemical analysis of saliva samples are provided in the Supplementary materials and methods M3 and M4.
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2

Pulse Oximetry and fMRI Acquisition

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The pulse oximetry signal was acquired concurrently with fMRI using the integrated Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit. Recordings were made using a photoplethysmograph (5 ms sampling rate) with an infrared emitter placed under the pad of the right little finger. Registration to the fMRI images was made using a time stamp from the scanner’s output file. Due to technical difficulties we only obtained time stamps for a subset of participants (N = 8 initially and N = 6 after exclusion criteria, see ‘Participants’ paragraph above) and therefore only those were analysed. Signal analysis was performed using in house scripts written in Matlab (R2013b, MathWorks).
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3

Heart Rate Measurement During Stress

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Heart rate was collected using an MR compatible photoplethysmograph placed on the index finger of the non-dominant hand. HR was recorded at 50 Hz using a Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit. QRSTool (Allen et al., 2007 (link)) was used to identify peaks in the pulse waveform. CMetX (Allen et al., 2007 (link)) was used to calculate the average HR for Stress and Control scans.
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4

Resting-state fMRI and Structural MRI Acquisition

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Participants completed a 10-minute rs-fMRI scan (280 volumes) acquired on a Siemens (Erlangen, Germany) 3T Verio MR scanner. During rs-fMRI scans, participants were instructed to close their eyes, but not to fall asleep. The participants were asked after the scan whether they fell asleep during the scan; all participants reported not falling asleep. Scans were acquired using a T2*-weighted gradient echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence sensitive to blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal (TR=2.15 s, TE=26 ms, flip-angle=78°, in-plane matrix 64x64, number of slices=42, voxel size=3x3x3 mm, GRAPPA acceleration factor 2, no gap, interleaved slice order). Pulse and respiratory data were sampled at 50 Hz using the Siemens' Physiological Monitoring Unit.
A high-resolution 3D T1-weighted structural image was acquired using a sagittal, magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE) sequence (TE/TR/TI=2.32/1900/900 ms, flip angle=9°, in-plane matrix 256x256, number of slices=224, voxel size=0.9x0.9x0.9 mm, GRAPPA acceleration factor 2, no gap, acquisition time = 8 min 30 sec). A high-resolution 3D T2-weighted image was acquired using a sagittal, Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) scan of the whole head (TE/TR= 409/3200 ms, flip angle=120º, in-plane matrix 256x256, number of slices=176, voxel size=1x1x1 mm, GRAPPA acceleration factor 2, acquisition time = 4 min 43 sec).
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5

Measuring Peripheral Stress Reactivity

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Heart rate (HR) during Stress and Control scans was assessed as a manipulation check of peripheral stress reactivity. HR was measured using an MR compatible photoplethysmograph placed on the index finger of the non-dominant hand. HR was recorded at 50Hz using a Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit. QRSTool (Allen, Chambers, & Towers, 2007 (link)) was used to identify peak pulse waveforms within each HR timeseries and CMetX (Allen et al., 2007 (link)) was used to calculate the average beats per minute (BPM) during Contol and Stress scans.
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6

MRI-Based Multimodal Brain Imaging Protocol

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MRI brain scanning was performed on a 3-Tesla scanner (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany). The head was immobilized in a standard head coil with foam pads. The following whole brain MRI datasets were acquired on each subject: 1) standard high-resolution sagittal images acquired with volumetric T1-weighted 3D-MEMPRAGE sequence (TR = 2530ms, TE = 1.74ms/3.6ms/5.46ms/7.32ms, flip angle = 7°, FOV = 256×256mm, matrix = 256×256, slice thickness = 1mm); 2) BOLD-fMRI images acquired with gradient-echo echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence (TR = 1450ms, TE = 30ms, flip angle = 90°, FOV = 220×220mm, matrix = 64×64, slice thickness = 5mm, slice gap = 1mm) while the subject was performing the breath hold task. The breath hold task and the physiological set-up used for gas sampling in MRI session were the same as those used in TCD sessions. The gas analyzers were again calibrated to the barometric pressure of the day of MRI scanning and corrected for vapor pressure. ECG was measured using Siemens physiological monitoring unit. Physiological changes including PCO2, PO2 and ECG were measured simultaneously with MRI acquisition. All the physiological measurements were synchronized using trigger signals from the MRI scanner. BOLD-fMRI images and physiological recordings were stored for offline data analysis.
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7

Heart Rate Measurement During MIST

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Heart rate during the MIST was measured using an MR compatible photoplethysmograph placed on the index finger of the non-dominant hand. Heart rate was collected separately for Control and Stress MIST conditions and recorded at 50Hz using a Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit. QRSTool was used to identify peaks in the pulse waveform (Allen, Chambers, & Towers, 2007 (link)). CMetX was used to calculate the average heart rate for Control and Stress MIST scans (Allen et al., 2007 (link)). Thirteen participants were excluded from the analysis because of excessive noise in heart rate data, eleven experienced equipment failure, and two participants had missing data.
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8

Measuring Heart Rate During Stress

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Heart rate (HR) was collected using an MR compatible photoplethysmograph placed on the index finger of the non-dominant hand. Heart rate was recorded at 50Hz using a Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit. QRSTool was used to identify peaks in the pulse waveform (Allen, Chambers, & Towers, 2007 (link)). CMetX was used to calculate the average HR for Stress and Control scans (Allen et al., 2007 (link)).
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9

Measuring Autonomic Arousal During MIST

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Participants were asked (via microphone) immediately before and after the MIST to evaluate how (a) stressed and (b) strained they felt on a scale from 1 to 10. In addition, we used pulse oximetry to record HR to validate autonomic arousal over the course of the MIST. For this purpose, the integrated photoplethysmograph of the Siemens Physiological Monitoring Unit with an infrared emitter was placed under the pad of the left index finger. Processing of the pulse oximetry data was performed with the TAPAS PhysIO toolbox, version r671, implemented in SPM12 (Kasper et al., 2017) (link). The adaptive "auto-matched" peak detection algorithm of the PhysIO toolbox was used for peak detection. Diagnostic plots of the heartbeat interval time course (as provided by the toolbox) were used to check for missed and wrongly detected heart beats (due to movement or scanner pulses). All data sets with more than three wrongly detected heart beats (as indicated by the toolbox) were excluded from the analyses.
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