Butyl alcohol

OVA-albumin from chicken egg white (>98%, grade V), (±)-a-lipoic acid synthetic (>99%), acetovanillone, ferric chloride, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, acetate buffer (pH = 3,6), hydrochloric acid, thiobarbituric acid, trichloroacetic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, butyl alcohol, sulfuric acid and other chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich-Poland. A lipid peroxidation (4-HNE) Assay Kit (Item No. ab238538) and a Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit (Item No. ab102500) were obtained from ABCAM. An 8-Isoprostane ELISA Kit (Item No. 516351) was obtained from Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI.

Firstly, a cleaned FTO glass substrate was treated in TiCl₄ (40 mM) at 70 °C for 30 min and washed with deionized water. Next, TiO₂ mesoporous scaffold has been prepared from the mixed TiO₂ precursor solution including Titanium(IV) ethoxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 12.7 g), concentrated HCl (Merck, 9.7 g), Pluronic P123 (Sigma-Aldrich, 4.0 g), and butyl alcohol (Sigma-Aldrich, 36.3 g). The solution has been dip-coated on the substrate (withdrawing speed; 30 mm/min) and has been subsequently annealed at 450 °C for 1 h. Then, the prepared PbI₂ solution (1.4 M) via solving PbI₂ in DMSO/DMF (1:9) has been spin-coated on TiO₂ mesoporous coated substrate at 2000 rpm for 20 s (during the process, the temperature is kept at 80 °C). To convert the PbI₂ film to CH₃NH₃PbI₃, CH₃NH₃I solution (1 mg mL⁻¹) was prepared in a mixed solvent of isopropanol/cyclohexane (1:9), and then, PbI₂ films were immersed into the CH₃NH₃I solution for 12 h, and the as-prepared methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) films have been heated at 100 °C for 15 min^{36 ,37 (link)}. Finally, a commercial carbon paste composed of carbon black and graphite has been used for preparing the carbon back electrode. The carbon paste has been painted on the perovskite film followed by spraying an ethanol solution of 1H, 1H,2H,2H-perfluouorodecyltriethoxysilane (Sigma-Aldrich, 5% v/v) on the paste and heating at 100 °C for 1 h^{7 (link)}.