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2 protocols using potassium bromide

1

Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles

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All reagents were available
commercially and were used as received. Tetrachloroauric acid (trihydrate,
HAuCl4·3H2O, >99.9%), silver nitrate
(AgNO3, 99.9999%), sodium citrate dihydrate, HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2·2H2O (>99.9%), sodium
borohydride
(powder, NaBH4, 98%), and rhodamine 6G (R6G, 99%) were
purchased from Merck. Nitrogen gas (purity 99.999%) was purchased
from Air Products (Poland). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was purchased
from Avantor Performance Materials (Poland). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) and ammonia solution (NH4OH,
25%) were purchased from Chempur (Poland). Potassium bromide (KBr,
spectroscopic grade) was purchased from Pike Technologies. All solutions
were prepared using distilled water (Milli-Q, 18.2 MΩ•cm).
Solutions for nanoparticle synthesis were deoxygenated by bubbling
with nitrogen gas.
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2

Crude Oil Wettability Restoration Protocol

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The polymer employed was a commercial partially HPAM provided by
SNF Floerger (Andrézieux, France) with molecular weight and
degree of hydrolysis of 6–8 MDa and 30%, respectively. Commercial
SiO2 nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, MO, USA). Oleic acid (≥99%), sodium hydroxide pellets
(97%), and ethanol (99.5%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO, USA) and were employed for the synthesis of the sodium oleate
surfactant. Potassium bromide (PIKE Technologies, Inc., USA) was used
for FTIR analysis. An extra heavy crude oil of 7° API was used
for wettability restoration of the cores to an oil-wet state. Colombian
crude oil of 20° API was used for the contact angle measurements
and coreflooding tests. For the displacement tests, clean silica sand
(Ottawa sand, US sieves 50/60 mesh) was used for the preparation of
the porous medium and was purchased from Minercol S.A. (Colombia).
Additionally, deionized water was used as a solvent for preparing
different solutions used in this research. Toluene (99.8%), methanol
(99.8%), and HCl (37%) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain)
and were employed for porous media cleaning.
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