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Ml3 thetaprobe

Manufactured by Delta-T Devices
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The ML3 ThetaProbe is a laboratory instrument designed to measure soil moisture content. It utilizes a specialized sensor to determine the volumetric water content of soil samples. The core function of the ML3 ThetaProbe is to provide accurate and reliable measurements of soil moisture levels for scientific and research applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Zeno gg04 dgps, by Leica camera (2 mentions) Li 190sa, by LI COR (2 mentions) Crop trak, by Spectrum Technologies (2 mentions) Sc 1 leaf porometer, by METER Group (1 mentions) Fv fm meter, by Opti-Sciences (1 mentions)

13 protocols using ml3 thetaprobe

1

Drought Stress Response in Maize with Sulfur Fertilization

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Drought stress was imposed one week after seedling emergence by keeping one set of plants (normal plants) at 100% water holding capacity (WHC), whereas water stressed plants were kept at 30% WHC based on gravimetric method as described by Nachabe29 (link). The soil moisture content was measured daily using soil moisture meter ML-3 Theta Probe (Delta-T Devices, United Kingdom) and maintained by adding the amount of water lost through evapotranspiration.
Sulfur fertilization was done through fertigation, before initiation of drought stress, using optimized doses of K2SO4 (30 kg ha−1), Na2SO4 (30 kg ha−1), CuSO4 (45 kg ha−1) and FeSO4 (45 kg ha−1). The youngest mature leaves from each experimental unit were selected for the estimation of water status, SPAD value and activity of antioxidative enzymes at tasseling (VT) stage. The plants were harvested at physiological maturity and data regarding yield attributes was recorded from harvested plant material following standard procedures.
Usmani M.M., Nawaz F., Majeed S., Shehzad M.A., Ahmad K.S., Akhtar G., Aqib M, & Shabbir R.N. (2020). Sulfate-mediated Drought Tolerance in Maize Involves Regulation at Physiological and Biochemical Levels. Scientific Reports, 10, 1147.
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2

Monitoring Water Relations of Forage Maize

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To monitor the water relations of FM, stomatal conductance (gs) was measured at mid-day between 12:30 to 14:30 hours, using an SC-1 leaf Porometer (Decagon Devices, USA). Measurements were done 48 hours after watering from DOE 147 to 245 of the experiment. Central leaves of FM were selected for measurements, and two leaves per plant were measured on the upper surface. Soil moisture in the top layer of the pot was also measured on the same day using a ML3 theta probe (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, UK) every week from DOE 182 onwards (drought started on DOE 168) till DOE 245. Soil moisture probes were placed into the topsoil layer (up to 6 cm to completely immerse the needles) in the PP compartment close to the FM compartment to avoid damage of the root network inside FM compartment. To observe growth during the experimentally induced drought period, plant height of FM was measured every week from DOE 161 onward till end of the experiment i.e. DOE 245.
Singh D., Mathimaran N., Boller T, & Kahmen A. (2020). Deep-rooted pigeon pea promotes the water relations and survival of shallow-rooted finger millet during drought—Despite strong competitive interactions at ambient water availability. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0228993.
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3

Linking Urban Climate to Tree Canopy

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To relate differences in tree canopy cover change to urban-induced climatic differences, we collected information on soil volumetric moisture content, relative humidity and air temperature at each phenology site. Soil volumetric water content (expressed as a percentage) was measured using a ThetaProbe (model ML3 ThetaProbe, Delta-T Devices), at a fixed point 3 m from each tree trunk, twice a week simultaneous with the phenological data collection. Air temperature and relative humidity data were acquired from HOBO sensors (model HOBO U23-001 Pro v2, Onset Corporation) housed in a radiation shield at the height of 3 m, which was centrally located at each phenology site. Each sensor collected data at 30-min intervals and was calibrated every three months against a factory-calibrated sensor. We calculated the dry season average of each urban climate variable (that is, nighttime temperature (sunset 18:00 to sunrise 06:00), volumetric soil moisture content and relative humidity) for comparison with differences in total percentage tree canopy cover and net leaf loss.
Kabano P., Harris A, & Lindley S. (2021). Sensitivity of Canopy Phenology to Local Urban Environmental Characteristics in a Tropical City. Ecosystems., 24(5).
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4

Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Protocol

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Soil and air temperature, SWC and WTD were continuously measured during the study period for each chamber. Soil temperature (107 temperature probe, CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC. INC, Logan, Utah, USA) and soil moisture sensors (ML3 ThetaProbe, Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, United Kingdom) were placed vertically at 0.1 m soil depth inside the soil chambers. The soil water level was observed in groundwater wells using automatic data loggers (Hobo U20L-04, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, Massachusetts, USA). Precipitation data was acquired from a meteorological station located approximately 2 km from the study site.
Ranniku R., Mander Ü., Escuer-Gatius J., Schindler T., Kupper P., Sellin A, & Soosaar K. (2024). Dry and wet periods determine stem and soil greenhouse gas fluxes in a northern drained peatland forest. The Science of the total environment, 928.
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5

Grassland Vegetation Characterization and Biomass Analysis

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Vegetation of each mesocosm was determined to species level and the cover of each species was estimated visually before the first cut in mid-May. Plant species richness varied from two to 25 species with an overall mean of 12.9 species per mesocosm (0.071 m 2 ). Biomass was cut three times during the year, down to 2 cm above ground (Table S2). Plant material was dried for 48 h at 80°C and weighed to the nearest gram. Biomass samples of the first cut were ground to pass the mesh of a 0.5 mm sieve and analysed for nitrogen concentrations using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). This approached employed a highly accurate calibration (R 2 = 0.98) developed from plant community biomass originating from the same plots, i.e. intensive to very extensive grasslands (Kleinebecker, Klaus, & Hölzel 2011) . Soil moisture was measured by time-domain reflectometry using a hand-held ML3 Theta Probe (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, GB) at three time points during the experiment (Table S2). The probe was inserted at multiple places in the topsoil at 0-10 cm depth to gain a robust mean value.
Klaus V.H., Friedritz L., Hamer U, & Kleinebecker T. (2020). Drought boosts risk of nitrate leaching from grassland fertilisation. The Science of the total environment, 726.
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6

Poa annua Mortality and Photochemical Efficiency

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Data collection and analyses were similar to those described in the soil temperature experiment. Plants were evaluated daily for mortality on a binary scale where 0 = alive (green tissue observed) and 1 = dead (all tissue necrotic). Mortality was confirmed via photochemical efficiency readings. Poa annua photochemical efficiency was evaluated three times per week by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence using a handheld fluorometer (Fv/Fm meter; Opti-Sciences, Inc., Hudson, NH). Two readings were taken from each plant after randomly placing five- to- ten attached leaves into dark adaption chambers for 20 minutes. Volumetric water content (VWC) of soil was recorded at approximately a 5.0 cm depth on the day of mortality, or for those that survived, at the conclusion of the study by inserting a soil moisture sensor (ML3 ThetaProbe; Delta -T Devices, Cambridge, UK) into the center of each core and recording a single reading.
Visually rated mortality data were subjected to life cycle analysis in Prism (Prism 9 for Mac, Graph-Pad software, La Jolla, CA) using the Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival probabilities log rank test with P < 0.0001 determining differences in mortality.
Carroll D.E., Horvath B.J., Prorock M., Trigiano R.N., Shekoofa A., Mueller T.C, & Brosnan J.T. (2022). Poa annua: An annual species?. PLoS ONE, 17(9), e0274404.
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7

Soil Moisture Dynamics for Urban Climate Analysis

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Soil volumetric moisture content (VMC; Table 1) was measured in nine sites to relate changes in surface moisture to changes in urban climate and its variability across Kampala. Soil VMC (expressed as a percentage) was measured twice a week using a ThetaProbe (model ML3 ThetaProbe, Delta-T Devices), at five points at each site. The VMC data were temporally interpolated using a locally weighted regression (loess) model to derive a daily time series of surface moisture across Kampala (Fig. 3). The day of year (DOY) when VMC was greatest marked the end of the wet season and the start of the dry season (Fig. 3).

Temporal change in soil moisture across Kampala for delineation of the wet and dry seasons (DOY = 129). The error band shows the 95% confidence limits

Kabano P., Harris A, & Lindley S. (2021). Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban climate during the wet-dry season transition in a tropical African city. International Journal of Biometeorology, 66(2), 385-396.
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8

Pasture Soil Moisture Monitoring Protocol

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Grosses Bruch is a pasture within a flat wetland area (Wollschläger et al., 2016 (link)). It is located in the Central German Lowland and susceptible to drought due to negative climatic water balance (Hermanns et al., 2021 (link)). The soil texture is defined as highly clayey silt (BGR, 2007 ). During the date of acquisition, the entire area was used for cattle grazing. We consider the hydrological status at the site as water limited, since Hermanns et al. (2021) (link) detected drought stress of the vegetation at the site at even higher SMC than those measured in our data acqusition (Hermanns et al., 2021 (link)).
After the overflight, we took 51 SMC measurements with an FDR probe (ML3 Theta Probe, Delta-T Devices Ltd, Great Britain). For each sample, five measurements were taken in a cross-shaped arrangement within a 25 cm radius and then averaged. We recorded the GPS location with the Leica Zeno GG04 DGPS of the central measurement (Fig. 1e). The measurements were calibrated with a sensor specific calibration curve (Francke, 2020 ).
Döpper V., Rocha A.D., Berger K., Gränzig T., Verrelst J., Kleinschmit B, & Förster M. (2022). Estimating soil moisture content under grassland with hyperspectral data using radiative transfer modelling and machine learning. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal, 110, 102817.
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9

Pasture Soil Moisture Monitoring Protocol

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Grosses Bruch is a pasture within a flat wetland area (Wollschläger et al., 2016 (link)). It is located in the Central German Lowland and susceptible to drought due to negative climatic water balance (Hermanns et al., 2021 (link)). The soil texture is defined as highly clayey silt (BGR, 2007 ). During the date of acquisition, the entire area was used for cattle grazing. We consider the hydrological status at the site as water limited, since Hermanns et al. (2021) (link) detected drought stress of the vegetation at the site at even higher SMC than those measured in our data acqusition (Hermanns et al., 2021 (link)).
After the overflight, we took 51 SMC measurements with an FDR probe (ML3 Theta Probe, Delta-T Devices Ltd, Great Britain). For each sample, five measurements were taken in a cross-shaped arrangement within a 25 cm radius and then averaged. We recorded the GPS location with the Leica Zeno GG04 DGPS of the central measurement (Fig. 1e). The measurements were calibrated with a sensor specific calibration curve (Francke, 2020 ).
Döpper V., Rocha A.D., Berger K., Gränzig T., Verrelst J., Kleinschmit B, & Förster M. (2022). Estimating soil moisture content under grassland with hyperspectral data using radiative transfer modelling and machine learning. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal, 110, 102817.
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10

Uneven-aged Forest Ecosystem Monitoring

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All research was done at the Swiss‐Canopy‐Crane II (SCCII) research site close to Hölstein/BL, Switzerland (47°26′17″N, 7°46′37″E; 550 m above sea level). The site is situated in a semi‐natural, uneven‐aged forest of the eastern Swiss Jura Mountains, with European beech (F. sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) as dominant tree species and overall stand density of 46.3 m2 ha−1. The soil is characterized by high clay content (≥ 40%) and varying inclusions of calcareous rocky material from the underlying bedrock. The average regional climate conditions are 9°C annual temperature and 1009 mm annual precipitation (data taken from MeteoSwiss; https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/). The technical infrastructure includes 24 automated soil moisture probes (ML3 ThetaProbe; Delta‐T Devices Ltd, Burwell, UK) installed at eight locations across the site at 40‐cm soil depth; a weather station (Davis Vantage Pro2; Davis Instruments Corp., Hayward, CA, USA), installed 2 m aboveground in a forest gap; and a canopy crane with a height of 45 m and a crane radius of 50 m.
Arend M., Link R.M., Zahnd C., Hoch G., Schuldt B, & Kahmen A. (2022). Lack of hydraulic recovery as a cause of post‐drought foliage reduction and canopy decline in European beech. The New Phytologist, 234(4), 1195-1205.
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