The composition of Macau Xiong Yantang gold bile powder capsule, named GBP, was obtained from China Goldenbile Biological Technology Co., Ltd. The positive control drug metadoxine was supplied by Shandong Qidu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Biochemical assay reagents, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) detection kits, were all purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China).
Aspartate aminotransferase
Manufactured by Nanjing Jiancheng
Sourced in China
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of aspartate and α-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and glutamate. It is commonly used as a biomarker to assess liver and heart function.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Alanine aminotransferase, by Nanjing Jiancheng (39 mentions)
Malondialdehyde, by Nanjing Jiancheng (9 mentions)
Superoxide dismutase, by Nanjing Jiancheng (5 mentions)
Alkaline phosphatase, by Nanjing Jiancheng (4 mentions)
β actin, by Cell Signaling Technology (4 mentions)
Glutathione peroxidase, by Nanjing Jiancheng (4 mentions)
Glutathione (gsh), by Nanjing Jiancheng (4 mentions)
Sybr premix ex taq, by Takara Bio (3 mentions)
Lactate dehydrogenase, by Nanjing Jiancheng (3 mentions)
Total cholesterol, by Nanjing Jiancheng (3 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Alanine transaminase, by Nanjing Jiancheng (2 mentions)
Total bile acid kits, by Nanjing Jiancheng (2 mentions)
Milli q water purification system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hplc grade methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Oil red o staining kit, by Solarbio (2 mentions)
Glutathione peroxidase gsh px, by Nanjing Jiancheng (2 mentions)
Primescript rt master mix, by Takara Bio (2 mentions)
Foetal bovine serum (fbs), by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
64 protocols using aspartate aminotransferase
1
Macau Xiong Yantang Gold Bile Powder Capsule
2
Protocols for Oxidative Stress Evaluation
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GSH assay and TUNEL staining kits were purchased from the Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (#S0053, #C1090 and #P0012S, Shanghai, China). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (#C009–2 and #C010–2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Elisa kits for ADMA and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were purchased from Bio-Techne Co., Ltd. (#NBP2–66728, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Donggeboye Biological Technology Co., LTD. (#DG30947M, Beijing, China), respectively. The Masson’s trichrome staining kit was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. LTD (#G1340, Beijing, China). Antibodies against DDAH1, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) and β-actin were purchased from Signalway Antibody LLC (#37368, #48247, #22536, #21800, Greenbelt, MD, USA). P65, phospho-65, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phospho-JNK antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (#8242, #3033, #9252, #9251, Danvers, MA, USA). APAP and dihydroethidium (DHE) were purchased from MedChemExpress LLC (#HY-66005, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) and Sigma Chemical Co. (#D7008, St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively. All other compounds and chemicals were of analytical purity.
3
Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammation Model
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Lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5 was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Lot 113M4068V; St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium pentobarbital was purchased from the Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bile acid (TBA) kits were purchased from the Jiancheng bioengineering institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for rat interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12 beta (IL-12β), interleukin 18 (IL-18), interleukin 27 (IL-27), interferon gamma (IFN- γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were obtained from Cloud-Clone Corp. (Houston, TX, USA). Proteinase K was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (Buchs, Switzerland). HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Other chemicals were of analytical grade and their purity was above 99.5%.
4
Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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LC-MS grade acetonitrile, methanol, ammonium acetate, and formic acid were purchased from CNW Technologies (Duesseldorf, Germany). 2-Chloro-L-phenylalanine was purchased from Shanghai HB Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was prepared on a Millipore Milli-Q water purification system (Billerica, MA, USA). Apigenin was obtained from China National Engineering Research Centre for Solid Preparation Manufacturing Technology (Beijing, China). Psoralen was purchased from China Food and Drug Control Institute (Beijing, China). Assay kits for aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering (Nanjing, China). RFH was purchased from Baining Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, Guangdong).
5
Asparagus Cochinchinensis Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders
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The high-fat diet containing 60% calories from fat (D12492) was purchased from Xietong Pharmaceutical Bio-engineering Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). Asparagus cochinchinensis roots were purchased from Kangdi Medicine Industry Co., Ltd. (Chongqing, China, Lot: 211101) and were authenticated corresponding authors. Glucose solution was purchased from Tisansheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Hubei, China). Insulin was purchased from Novo Nordisk Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Commercial kits for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining kit and Oil Red O staining kit were both purchased from Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) and adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (F4/80) antibodies were purchased from Protetintech Group, Inc. (Rosemont, United States).
6
Gut Microbiome Modulation Assays
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The alanine aminotransferase (ALT; C009-2-1, microplate test), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; C010-2-1, microplate test), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP; a059-2-2, microplate test) assay kits were purchased from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. Vancomycin was purchased from MedChemExpress. Neomycin was purchased from Alfa Aesar, and 4-Chloro-phenylalanine (4-Cl-Phe), metronidazole, ampicillin, and PFOS (Product No. 77282, potassium salt) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. L. reuteri (BNCC192190), E. faecalis (BNCC186075), and Akk. muciniphila (DSM22959) were purchased from BeNa Culture Collection. De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth, and brain heart infusion (BHI) broth were obtained from Qingdao Hope Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. Porcine mucin was purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology. Cysteine was purchased from Aladdin. Antibody for p-mTOR (Ser2448, AF3308) was purchased from Affinity. Antibody for p-P70S6K (Thr389, Thr412, PA5-104,842) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Antibodies for mTOR (A11354) and P70S6K (A16658) were purchased from ABclonal. HRP-Polymer anti-Rabbit antibody (MaxVision, KIT5005) was purchased from MXB Biotechnologies.
7
Biochemical Marker Assays in Research
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Total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kits were purchased from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).
8
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects
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Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced disodium salt, trihydrate (β-NADH), hematoxylin, and eosin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); Trizol, PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix, and SYBR Green Master Mix were purchased from Takara Biotechnology (Dalian, China); Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China); Gallic acid and ascorbic acid were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China); assay kits of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China); Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Protein Extraction Kit was purchased from the Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China); Dulbecco's minimum essential medium (DMED), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). All other chemicals were of the highest grade available.
9
Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress
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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and kits were obtained from Nanjing JianCheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Elisa detection kits of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were obtained from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). The pentapeptide QLLPF was customarily synthesized by AoBo Corp (Shanghai, China) with purity >95%. All other chemicals, unless otherwise specified, were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
10
Gypenosides and 5-Fluorouracil Cancer Treatment
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Gypenosides (Gyp) was kindly provided by Ankang Pharmaceutical Institute of the Beijing University (Shaanxi, China) and dissolved in 80% ethanol (EtOH) to a final storage concentration of 100 mg/ml. 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) was purchased from Sigam-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) also to a final storage concentration of 100 mg/ml. Gyp and 5-Fu solution were sterilized through 0.22μm filter for use in subsequent experiments and stored in -20°C.
3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltertrazolium bromide tetrazolium (MTT), Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide (PI), RNase A, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and pifithrin-α were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich. Guava Nexin Reagent was obtained from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). 2’, 7’-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) was from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR, USA). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Cr) assay kit were provided by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).
3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltertrazolium bromide tetrazolium (MTT), Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide (PI), RNase A, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and pifithrin-α were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich. Guava Nexin Reagent was obtained from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). 2’, 7’-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) was from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR, USA). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Cr) assay kit were provided by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).
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