Hbp 1300

Digital blood pressure monitor was used to measure blood pressure (Omron HBP-1300, Kyoto, Japan). The sensitivity and specificity of the Omron HBP-1300 used were 86.2% and 98.0%, respectively. Blood pressure was measured in the morning during urine bottle collection from the participants’ house. The participants were to be seated and asked to rest for at least 5 min before the measurement starts. The cuff used was wrapped to a tightness that allows two fingers to be inserted in between the cuff and the arm. The arm was placed at the same height as the heart during measurement. Three measurements with an interval of one to 2 min between each measurement were taken. The average of the last two readings was recorded.

All participants, after resting in a seated position for at least five minutes, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured from the right arm by OMRON HBP-1300 (OMRON Healthcare Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), at 5-minute intervals. Three readings were taken, and the average of the three measurements was computed for subsequent analysis. The height was measured with an RGZ-160 measurement device (Jiangsu Suhong Medical Instruments Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China), and the weight of the participants wearing light clothing, without hats, shoes, coats, or any extra weights in the pockets, was measured using the InBody H20B measurement instrument (InBody Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing a person’s weight (kg) divided by the square of their height (m) [41 (link)], and was categorized as underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²), normal (BMI: 18.5–23.9 kg/m²), overweight (BMI: 23-24.9 kg/m²) and obese (BMI≥25 kg/m²), respectively.

During the initial screening stage, each participant received face-to-face questionnaire interview, physical examination and laboratory measurement.
The questionnaire included information on: (1) sex, age and other general demographic data; (2) smoking and drinking status; (3) education and annual household income; (4) history of diseases and treatment. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight and waist circumference (WC). Participants were required to wear light clothes, with no shoes and no headgear while being measured for height and weight. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m²). Seated blood pressure was measured twice on the right upper arm after 5 min of rest with an automatic digital sphygmomanometer (Omron HBP-1300; Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). If the difference between the two SBP readings was greater than 10 mmHg, a third measurement was obtained and the average of the last 2 readings was used. Fasting vein blood glucose test was performed by a rapid glucose analyzer (BeneCheck PD-G001-2; General Life Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taiwan, China) and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C and LDL-C is performed by a rapid lipid analyzer (CardioChek PA Analyzer; Polymer Technology Systems, Indiana, USA). LDL-C is calculated using the values of TC, HDL-C and TG levels in the Friedewald equation.

All participants were instructed to have a light diet on the day of assessment. All BP tests were performed at noon to decrease the impact of circadian rhythms on hemodynamics and were evaluated in a quiet room by the same cardiovascular physician. All BP tests were performed with a fully automatic electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron HBP‐1300; Omron Healthcare, Dalian, China). The BP was recorded after a 5‐min rest and a second measurement was performed immediately after the first assessment. The average of the two measurements was taken as the supine BP value. The participants were then asked to stand up as soon as possible and their orthostatic BP was measured immediately at 0, 1, 2, and 3 min. MOH was defined as an SBP drop of 20–30 mmHg or a DBP drop of 10–15 mmHg within 3 min of standing. SOH was designated as an SBP decrease of more than 30 mmHg or a DBP decrease of more than 15 mmHg within 3 min of standing.
⁵ (link) NOH was defined as a decrease in SBP of less than 20 mmHg and a decrease in DBP of less than 10 mmHg within 3 min of the posture change from supine to orthostatic position.
⁵ (link) The ΔSBP represents the SBP after standing minus the SBP when lying on the back. Similarly, ΔDBP represents the DBP after standing minus the DBP when lying on the back. Negative values indicate lower blood pressure after standing.