Mp220

Soil sampling and analysis were performed according to the guidelines of the National Academy of Agricultural Science in Korea (NAAS, 2010) [10 ]. The collected soil samples were filtered through a 2-mm (10 mesh) sieve after air-drying. The soil texture was determined using the micro-pipette method [11 (link)]. The pH and electrical conductivity of the samples were determined for a 1:5 soil:water (w/v) suspension using a pH meter and conductivity meter (MP220, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA) [4 (link)]. The cation exchange capacity was analyzed using the 1 M CH₃COOH extraction method [2 (link)]. The soil organic content was measured as described by Walkley and Black. Effective phosphoric acid was determined using the Bray No.1 method with molybdenum blue dye and measured on a UV spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) [2 (link)]. The inorganic nitrogen content, as NH₄-N and NO₃-N, was determined using a QuikChem automated ion analyzer (QuikChem 6000 Series, Lachat Instruments, Milwaukee, WI, USA), after extraction with 2 M KCl [3 ].

All liquid samples (anolyte suspension or fresh medium) were filtered through 0.22 μm membranes (Millex, Merck Millipore Ltd., Ireland). Total carbohydrate analysis was performed using a colorimetric phenol/sulphuric acid method (Dubois et al., 1956 (link)). Total phosphate concentration was determined using a phosphate assay kit (Merck, Germany). L-lactate and glycerol were determined using EnzyChrom enzymatic assay kits ECLC-100 and EGLY-100, respectively (BioAssay Systems, USA). The concentrations of glucose and iron were determined using Sigma assay kits GAGO20 and MAK025 (Sigma–Aldrich, USA). The pentosan content in the medium was quantified using a colorimetric method (Finnie et al., 2006 (link)) and xylose concentration was measured using an enzymatic assay kit (Megazyme, Ireland). Acetate, succinate, and propionate in the suspension were determined using ¹H NMR spectroscopy as previously described Li et al. (2011) (link). Measurement of pH was performed on 10 ml of anolyte suspension using a pH-meter (Mettler Toledo MP220, Switzerland).

Physical characterization of microemulsion was done on the basis of pH, conductance, viscosity, and refractive index. The pH of the formulated microemulsion was determined using pH meter (Mettler MP-220, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland) by dipping the glass electrode in the emulsion to be tested. The conductivity meter (WPA-CMD-500, Cambridge, UK) was used to measure the electromotive conductivity. Brookefield-type viscometer (Haake-19, Karlsruhe, Spain) was used to determine the viscosity; L1 spindle was set at 60 rpm. The refractive index was determined through Abbe's refractometer (Schmidt Haensch-24298, Germany) by placing a drop on glass slide and scale was read. All the measurements were made at 25°C in triplicate. The results were measured as mean ± standard deviation [17 (link)].

The pH level was measured on days 0, 18, 24, and 30 using a standard pH meter (MP220; Mettler-Toledo, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland) (52 ). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.3 (12 ).

The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique (3Flex, Micrometrics, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to measure the specific surface area of each sorbent with N₂ adsorption isotherms. X-ray diffraction (XRD; D8 Discover, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) measurements were used to identify the crystalline and non-crystalline properties of each sorbent. To analyze the surface structure and microphotography of each sorbent, field emission scanning electron microscopy (Merlin compact, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) measurements were performed. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was conducted with a spectrophotometer (K-Alpha+, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using an Al Kα source (1486.6 eV of photons).
For the chemical analysis, pH and electric conductivity (EC) were measured using a pH meter (MP220, Mettler Toledo, Worthington, OH, USA) and an EC meter (S230, Mettler Toledo), respectively, after mixing each sorbent with deionized water at a 1:5 (w/v) ratio for 1 h. The total nitrogen and total carbon were measured using an elemental analyzer (EA1112, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The temperature in the EA reactor was set to 1000 °C, and the flow rate of the carrier gas (He, O₂, and air) was maintained at 0.12 L/min.

THP1 (ATCC^® TIB-202™) human monocyte cell lines were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium 1640 containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 0.05 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.5 μg/mL amphotericin B (Wako Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) at 37 °C, 5% CO₂, and in a humidified cell culture incubator. The pH of the particles was measured with a pH meter (MP220; Mettler Toledo, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland).