Sodium chloride (nacl)

Simulated gastric, intestinal, and plasma fluids were prepared for in vitro studies as previously described [50 ]. The simulated gastric fluid was prepared by dissolving 2 g sodium chloride (Samchun Chemical Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Korea) and 3.2 g pepsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in DW, and the pH was adjusted to 1.5 with 1 N hydrochloric acid (Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea), and then made up to 1000 mL. For the simulated intestinal fluid, bile salt (87.5 mg) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and pancreatin (25 mg) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) were added to the simulated gastric fluid, and then the pH was adjusted to 6.8 with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). The simulated plasma fluid was prepared by dissolving 50 g of BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in PBS solution (NaCl 137 mM, KCl 2.7 mM, Na₂HPO₄ 10 mM, KH₂PO₄ 1.8 mM; Dongin Biotech. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), and then made up to 1000 mL.

MRSA CCARM 3807 [61 (link)] and CCARM 3820 were purchased from the Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistance Microbes at Seoul Women’s University (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The strains were stored in 25% glycerol (catalog number: 4066-4400, Daejung Chemical & Metals Co., Ltd., Siheung, Republic of Korea) at −80 °C.
Both strains were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, catalog number: 211825, Becton Dickinson Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and plated on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) plates made by adding 1.5% Bacto-Agar (catalog number: 214010, Becton Dickinson Korea) to TSB.
Saline was prepared by adding 0.85% (w/v) of sodium chloride (catalog number: S0476, Samchun Chemicals Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) to distilled water. All solutions were sterilized at 121 °C for 20 min. The strains were cultured at 37 °C with a shaking speed of 250 rpm for liquid cultures.

Donepezil hydrochloride was purchased from Sinoway Industrial Co., Ltd. (Xiamen, China). Donepezil-D₇ was obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada). Aricept^® 5 mg was from Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 2208–100 cps and HPMC 2208–4000 cps were purchased from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Lactose and magnesium stearate were purchased from Whawon Pharm. Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea) and Faci Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. (Jurong Island, Singapore), respectively. Acetic acid and formic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrochloric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and ethanol were obtained from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride were purchased from Samchun Chemical Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from J.T. Baker Co. (Philipsburg, NJ, USA).

Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA, technical grade), cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate (CeCl₃. 7H₂O, 98%), and carbon disulphide (CS₂, 99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea. Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 98%) were provided by Samchun Chemical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea. Ethanol (EtOH), acetone, acetonitrile, and AA 2024-T3 alloy were purchased from local Korean companies. The chemical composition of the AA 2024-T3 alloy used was 0.45% Si, 0.45% Fe, 0.46% Mn, 1.2–1.8% Mg, and 3.8–4.9% Cu, with the remaining balance being Al.

A synthetic brine of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) was used as the high-salinity (HS) solution, which was prepared using sodium chloride (Samchun, Seoul, Korea) and deionized water. The NaCl concentration of the HS solution was 1.0 M. A real BWRO brine from a wastewater reclamation plant was used as the low-salinity (LS) solution. The feed water to the BWRO process was the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant.

The third and fourth leaves of 3-week-old plants were harvested and floated on 3 mM MES (pH 5.7). The samples were incubated at 22 °C in the dark for up to 11 d. The photochemical efficiency of PSII (Lee et al., 2016 (link)) and chlorophyll content (Vernon, 1960 ) of leaves were measured as described previously. For chemical- or plant hormone-mediated senescence assay, detached leaves were floated abaxial side up in 3 mM MES (pH 5.7) with or without 50 μM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; Sigma, USA), 0.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; Sigma, USA), 100 mM sodium chloride (Samchun, Korea), or 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (Junsei, Japan). All treatments were performed at 22 °C in the dark. Photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content were measured as described above. For developmental leaf senescence assays, the third and fourth rosette leaves at the indicated leaf age were harvested from individual plants and used for measurements of chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, and gene expression. Leaves used for gene expression and microarray experiments were harvested 4 h into the subjective day.