Dxr raman microspectrometer

A DXR Raman micro-spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for Raman spectra collection. The 532 nm laser was employed with a power output of 2.0 mW, 10 × 10 s scan periods using 900 lines/mm grating, and a 50 μm aperture.
For additional spectral analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded using a KBr pellet technique in the 4000–400 cm⁻¹ range. The 32 scans per spectrum were collected, enabling a 4 cm⁻¹ resolution on the Nicolet iS20 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
The morphology of prepared samples was analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (JSM-6700F (JEOL)) and a Phenom ProX equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
To confirm the nanostructures of synthesized samples, the transmission mode was also employed using an ultra-high resolution imaging H-8100 microscope (Hitachi Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan) with a LaB₆ thermionic emission gun.