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7 protocols using microwell dishes

1

Immunofluorescence Assay for SHCBP1 Nuclear Expression

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TMAs or cells cultured on 35 mm glass-bottomed Microwell Dishes (MatTek Corporation) were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min and subjected to permeabilization with 0.1% TritonX-100. After that, cells were incubated with 3% bovine serum for 1 h at room temperature and then with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, washed thrice in PBS and further incubated with the appropriate fluorescent-labeled secondary antibodies. Nuclei were counterstained with 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) before mounting. Confocal fluorescence images were captured using a Zeiss LSM 880 laser microscope (×63 oil objective, Plan-Apochrom 1.4). The positivity of SHCBP1 in the nucleus was detected by SHCBP1 IF and was quantified using Image J V1.53c software. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of SHCBP1 in the nucleus was quantified and the MFI > 10 was identified as the positive cells.
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2

Immunostaining and Expansion Microscopy

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Punches were blocked in IF buffer (1% BSA; [Sigma-Aldrich; A9647] and 0.05% Tween-20 [Sigma-Aldrich; P9416] in 1× PBS) for 1–2 h at RT, and incubated with primary antibody diluted in IF buffer for 24 h at 4°C. Punches were washed in 1× PBS for 1–2 h and incubated with secondary antibody and DAPI (1:10,000 final dilution; Thermo Fisher Scientific; D1306) in IF buffer for 24 h at 4°C. The following primary antibodies were used for immunostaining: mouse anti-acetylated tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich; T7451) at 1:4,000, rabbit anti-β tubulin (Abcam; ab15568) at 1:250, rabbit anti-ARL13B (Abcam; ab83879) at 1:500, rabbit anti-Cep290 (Abcam; ab84870) at 1:600, and rabbit anti-Cep164 (Proteintech; 22227–1-AP) at 1:500. Secondary antibodies Alexa Fluor 488 anti-mouse (Thermo Fisher Scientific; A11029) and Alexa Fluor 555 anti-rabbit (Thermo Fisher Scientific; A21429) were used at a 1:800 dilution to label primary antibodies for 24 h. After immunostaining, the samples were expanded in deionized H2O for 2 h at RT with deionized H2O exchanged every 10 min and additionally overnight at 4°C. Prior to imaging, expanded punches were mounted in Rose chambers, Attofluor cell chambers, or glass-bottom Microwell dishes (MatTek; P35G-1.5-14-C).
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3

Transient Transfection of Mammalian Cell Lines

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Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero E6 cells) were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, PAA Laboratories GmbH, Austria) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (all PAA Laboratories GmbH, Pasching, Austria). Then, 24–48 h prior to imaging experiments, expression plasmids were introduced into pre-plated cells in 35-mm glass-bottom Microwell Dishes (MatTek Corporation, Ashlands, MA, USA) by Turbofect transfection (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All cell lines other than CHO-K1 (Figure S2: A549, HEK293T, MGLU-2-R [17 (link)], and MGN-2-R [17 (link)]) were seeded in a standard 12-well tissue culture plate (Greiner, Kremsmünster, Austria) on 18-mm glass cover slips (#1.5, Menzel, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The cells were seeded at a density of 150.000 cells per well and cultivated in DMEM with 10% fetal calf serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK). After 24 h, the cells were transfected with 1 µg plasmid DNA per well using jetOptimus (Polyplus, Illkirch, France) transfection reagent. The medium was changed after 6 h, and the cells were further incubated for 12–16 h, then fixed, stained, and mounted on microcopy glass slides (ProLong Gold, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA).
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4

Glow-discharged grid preparation for EM

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Following glow-discharge, groups of three EM grids were placed on the glass bottom of microwell dishes (MatTek) with no overlap (Fig. 1 inset B). These microwell dishes were arranged in a 150mm x 15mm petri dish (CELLTREAT) and clustered around a central microwell dish containing distilled water to prevent the grids from drying. The grids were coated with 150 μL of 0.01% (w/v) poly-L-lysine solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 2 h. The poly-L-lysine solution was removed by pipetting, followed by the addition of 150 μL of PBS. The addition and removal of PBS by pipetting (washing step) was done three times.
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5

Microscopy Techniques for Visualizing Fixed and Live Cells

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To image fixed cells, cells were fixed, permeabilized (0.1% Triton-X100, 10 min), incubated with Abs (for immunofluorescence), and mounted on glass slides with ProLong Diamond antifade mountant (Molecular Probes). Cells were imaged with Zeiss 710 confocal microscope using 63x (COS-7) or 40x (myocytes) oil immersion objective. Fluorophores were sequentially excited by laser of 405 nm (DAPI and Hoechst dye), 488 nm (Alexa488 or GFP), 561 nm (Alexa568 or mCherry), and 633 (Alexa647). Pixel contents in regions of interest (ROIs), calculated as (mean pixel value in ROI –background)x(area of ROI), were used to calculate % pixel contents in different ROIs of a cell.
To image live cells, cells were plated on microwell dishes (MatTek), and transfected with cDNA or infected with adenovirus. After staining nuclei with Hoechst dye, COS-7 cells were imaged in phenol-red free, 25 mM HEPES DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS at 37°C. Live myocytes were imaged in normal Tyrode’s supplemented with 10% FCS and 10 uM blebbistatin (to prevent contractile activity) at 37°C. In fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) experiments, mean pixel values in delineated ROIs were reported by Zeiss software and exported to Excel for processing.
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6

Visualizing CAR-T Cell Viability in Fibrin Gel

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To visualize the distribution of cells in the fibrin gel (AF488-fibrin), CAR-T cells were labeled with Hoechst 33254. CAR-T cells (1 × 106 cells) were polymerized in the hydrogel and immersed in culture medium using MatTek microwell dishes and analyzed by confocal microscope. To qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the viability and proliferation of CAR-T cells in the fibrin gel matrix and assess the morphology of T cells interacting with the matrix, we used a Zeiss LSM 710 inverted confocal microscope with differential interference contrast (DIC) controlled by Zeiss ZEN 2011 software. CAR-T cells (1 × 106) were polymerized in the fibrin gel and placed in culture medium. Cells in the fibrin gel were analyzed for viability on days 1 to 5, in which cells were stained by immersing the hydrogel in the LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit for 10 min. Samples were analyzed with a confocal microscope, where live cells were labeled with green fluorescein and dead cells with red fluorescein. The Imaris image visualization and analysis software (Oxford Instruments) was used on at least three different Z-stack slices to quantify the number of live and dead cells for each sample.
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7

Substrate Rigidity and Cell Adhesion

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PDMS substrates of varying rigidities were prepared using a Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit (Dow Corning, Midland, MI; Prager-Khoutorsky et al., 2011 (link)). The silicone elastomer component was mixed with the curing agent, degassed, and spin-coated at 2000 rpm for 2 min on glass-bottom Microwell dishes (MatTek, Ashland, MA). Subsequently, cross-linking of the elastomer was carried out at 70°C for 4 h. The elastomer-to-curing agent ratios of 10:1 and 75:1 corresponded to Young's moduli 2 MPa and 5 kPa, respectively (Prager-Khoutorsky et al., 2011 (link)). Dishes with a layer of PDMS were functionalized with 10 μg/ml of vitronectin overnight at 4°C, and cells were plated after the surface was washed two times with PBS.
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