Methyl undecanoate

Baker yeast α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), and porcine pancreas α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Phenolic standards (gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, cyanidin chloride, and quercetin aglycone), carotenoid standards (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin), and the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent were from Sigma-Aldrich. The (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromane-2-carboxilic acid (Trolox), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙), and 2–2′-azino-bis(3ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS^·+) radicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Pyridine, phenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, methoxyamine hydrochloride, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and methyl undecanoate were from Sigma-Aldrich.

FAME was prepared by dissolving 100 mg of extracted oil in 10 mL of hexane followed by the addition of 100 μL of 2 M methanolic KOH. Samples were vortexed for 30 s, followed by centrifugation, and 500 μL of the clear supernatant was spiked with the internal standard methyl undecanoate (Sigma) and separated on a Agilent 7890 Series GC equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) (Agilent Technologies Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada). The FAME mixture was separated using an Agilent DBWAX capillary column (30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) with helium as the carrier gas at a linear velocity of 30 cm/s. Samples were injected in split mode (50:1). The FID detector was operated at 280 °C, and FAMEs were eluted using the following program: 50 °C for 1 min, 10 °C min⁻¹ to 200 °C, 3 °C min⁻¹ to 220 °C, 220 °C for 10 min. Individual FAMEs were quantified and identified using analytical standards (Sigma) and the internal standard C11:0. Unidentified FAMEs were estimated using an averaged RF factor.
$Oil Yield (\%)=\frac{Extracted Oil \left(mg\right)}{mass of T18 \left(mg\right)\times maximum Oil \left(wt\%\right)}\times 100\%$