Ferulic acid

Caffeic acid was purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Ferulic acid and carnosic acid were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, (TCI, Tokyo, Japan). Chlorogenic acid was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Santa Ana, CA, USA) Gallic acid purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan) and rosmarinic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Suisse, Switzerland). All compounds (Figure 7) were reagent grade and were used without further purification. Seeds of 21 plants from seven different plant families were purchased from local seed companies in Japan and used as test plants. The seeds belonged to the following plant families; Amaranthaceae (Gomphrena globosa and Celosia cristata), Apiaceae (Daucus carota and Foeniculum vulgare), Asteraceae (Lactuca sativa and Glebionis coronaria), Brassicaceae (Glebionis coronaria, Brassica rapa var. perviridis, Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Brassica rapa subsp. Rapa, and Eruca sativa), Fabaceae (Trifolium repens, Vicia villosa, and Medicago sativa), Lamiaceae (Ocimum basilicum, and Rosmarinus officinalis), and Poaceae (Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, and Phleum pratense).

Baclofen, gabapentin (internal standard, IS), glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, and ferulic acid were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Naringin and 6-Gingerol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Neohesperidin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, Texas, USA). Ecdysterone and R,S-Inokosterone were obtained from analytical chemistry laboratory in College of Pharmacy at Catholic University of Daegu. Acetonitrile, methanol, and distilled water (all HPLC grades) were purchased from Mallinkrodt Baker, Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Perchloric acid and formic acid were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Oyaksungisan Extract Granule was obtained from Hankook Shinyak Corp. (Nonsan, Chungnam, Korea). Achyranthes bidentata radix was obtained from Daegu Haany University (Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea).