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7 protocols using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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All chemicals were purchased
and used without further purification.
Propan-2-ol (C3H8O, ≥99.5%), ethanol
(EtOH, ≥99.8%), methanol (MeOH, ≥99.5%), acetone (C3H6O, ≥99.5%), and hydrochloric acid (HCl,
37.0%) were purchased from VWR. Nitric acid (HNO3, ≥65%),
sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH, ≥98.0%), sodium borohydride
(NaBH4, ≥97%), and l(+)-ascorbic acid (AA,
≥99%,) were purchased from Carl Roth. Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate
trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O, ≥99.9%),
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB ≥99%), cetyltrimethylammonium
chloride solution (CTAC, 25 wt % in H2O), hexadecylpyridinium
chloride monohydrate (CPC, 99.0–102.0%), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), and
poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate, Mw of
70000 g/mol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinic
anhydride, 3-acetoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, n-butyltriethoxysilane, and heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)triethoxysilane
were purchased from abcr. (α-Thiol, ω-bromo)-terminated
poly(acrylic acid) (PAA-SH, Mw of 8500
g/mol) was purchased from Polymer Source Inc. Mica sheets were obtained
from Micro to Nano with different shapes and a thickness of 0.15 to
0.21 mm and the highest grade V-1 quality. Double-polished Si wafers
(orientation [100] of 5 mm length and 7 mm width) from Siegert Wafer
were used for ellipsometry measurements. Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ·cm)
was used in all experiments.
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2

Synthesis of Metallic Nanostructures

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Gold(III) chloride trihydrate (≥ 99.9%, HAuCl4 · 3H2O), chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (≥ 37.50% Pt, H2PtCl6 · 6H2O), sodium borohydride (≥ 98.0%, NaBH4), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (≥ 98%, CTAB), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (25 wt.% in water, CTAC), L-Ascorbic acid (≥ 99%, AA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dysprosium(III) chloride hexahydrate (≥ 99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands). 90% enriched dysprosium-164 oxide powder (164Dy2O3) was obtained from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (sample number 122502, ORNL, Tennessee, USA). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA · 2H2O), Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 30%, Suprapur®) and nitric acid (HNO3, 69%, Supelco®) was supplied by Merck. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. MiliQ water was obtained from an in-house MiliQ system (Millipore) and used throughout this study.
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3

Nanoparticle-Based Camptothecin Delivery

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(S)-(+)-Camptothecin (CPT ≥ 90%), human holo-Transferrin (Tf, ≥98%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES, ≥98%), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC, 25 wt.%), ammonium hydroxide solution (acs reagent, 28–30%), and glutaraldehyde solution (GLUT, 25 wt.%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (EtOH, HPLC grade), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, for analysis), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS reagent, fuming, 37%) were obtained from Merck. All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade. Deionized water (Milli-Q, 18.2 MΩ·cm) was used in all experiments. All materials were used without any further purification.
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4

Cell Culture and Characterization Protocol

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Cetyltrimethylammonium
chloride solution (25 wt % in H2O, CTAC), triethanolamine,
potassium phosphate dibasic trihydrate (K2HPO43H2O), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), calcium
chloride (CaCl2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric acid (36.5–38.0%,
HCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
were purchased from Fisher Chemicals. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2), tetraethyl orthosilicate (98%, TEOS),
HMDS, and ethanol (200 proof) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, Acros
Organic, Gelest, and Decon Laboratories, respectively. The Carbon
Film 200 copper mesh was purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences.
RPMI-1640 cell culture medium, FBS, Dulbecco’s PBS, and Calcein-AM/ethidium
homodimer-1 live/dead assay were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
MTS cell proliferation assay was obtained from Promega. 4T1 mouse
mammary gland cancer cells were purchased from the American Type Culture
Collection.
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5

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), isopropanol (99.5%), gold(III) chloride (HAuCl 4 , 99.90%), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC, 25 wt.% in water), sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 , >98.0%), L-ascorbic acid (99%), L-glutathione ( > 98%), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, >98%), methylene blue (MB, > 82%), coumarin ( > 99%), dihydroethidium (DHE, >95%), and 5,5-dimethyl-1pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO, > 98.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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6

Synthesis of Pt and Au Nanoparticles

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Tetrachloroauric(III) acid trihydrate (HAuCl4, 99.9%), potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (K2PtCl4, 99.0%), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC, solution in water, 25 wt%), hydrazine monohydrate (64.0–65.0%), KOH (≥85%), methanol (≥99.8%), and Nafion resin solution (5 wt%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pt/C (40 wt%, average Pt particle size = 3 nm) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Deionized water (18.2 MΩ cm) was employed to prepare the reaction solutions.
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7

Synthesis and Functionalization of Fluorescent Nanoparticles

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The following were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as received: 2-Methylnaphthoxazole, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde, new methylene blue (NMB), rose bengal (RB), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (25 wt % in H2O; CTAC), 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate, (3-iodopropyl)trimethoxysilane, 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine (PEG-diamino linker), succinic anhydride, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), Dubelcco’s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), quinine sulfate (QS), 9,10-dimethyl anthracene (DMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phenalenone (PN), potassium superoxide (potassium dioxide, KO2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Absolute ethanol (EtOH), benzene, acetonitrile (ACN), dimethylformamide (DMF), ammonia solution (NH3 30 wt % in H2O), dichloromethane (DCM), hydrochloric acid solution (HCl 37 wt % in H2O), glacial acetic acid (AcOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and methanol (MeOH) were supplied by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin were purchased from Life Technologies, Invitrogen, (Carlsbad, CA, USA).
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