Absolute ethanol

Food grade p-cymene, d-limonene and α-pinene were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. n-hexane and absolute ethanol were obtained from ChemSupply. Polyethersulfone (TriSep) and polysulfone (GE Osmonics) ultrafiltration flat-sheet membranes with MWCO of 10 kDa and 90 kDa respectively were cut into coupons with a filtration area of 42 cm 2 . A tubular ceramic membrane with MWCO of 5 kDa (Al2O3/ZrO2) was purchased from Atech Innovations GmbH, Germany. Zirconia is negatively charged at neutral pH (Seshadri et al., 2003) , with isoelectric points around 4.5 (Moritz, Benfer, Árki, & Tomandl, 2001) and has a contact angle with water of 40-80 o (Kujawa, 2019; Lu, Zhang, Gutierrez, Ma, & Croué, 2016; Marchetti, Butté, & Livingston, 2012) , indicative of a hydrophilic surface. The ceramic membrane had a channel diameter of 6 mm and length of 70 mm, which gave a filtration area of 13.2 cm 2 . Crude canola oil samples were kindly provided by Windermere Oilseeds Pty. Ltd. Australia with an average phosphorus content of 280±10 mg kg -1 .
An enzyme cleaning kit consisting of an alkaline cleaner (Hi Flux Excel) and a four enzyme (lipase/protease/amylase/cellulase) buffered mixture (Hi Flux Enzyme Quatro) was kindly supplied by Jasol, Australia.

Materials used included stearyl alcohol (Scharlan, Spain), Vaseline® (Chem-supply, Australia), Span 40 and 80 (Aldrich, USA), Tween 80 (Aldrich, USA), absolute ethanol (Chem-supply, Australia), Polychol 15 (CRODA, Australia) Carbopol 934P (Neveon, USA), liquid paraffin (Ajax Finechem, New Zealand), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 (BDH, England), PEG 300 (Sigma, Germany), Cremophor EL, Pluronic F-127, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (Sigma, USA), acetone (Merck, Germany). For the HPLC mobile phase acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and formic acid (purity 98-100%) were purchased from Merck (Germany). Additional formulation excipients are listed separately in supplementary information. Equipment included a homogenizer (Ultra TURRAX® T25 basic, IKA Labortechnik), digital electronic micrometer (± 0.001 mm, Mitutoyo, Japan), Cyber Scan pH 1100 (Southern Cross, Science Pty Ltd, Australia), tissue processing machine (ASP300S, LEICA), tissue embedding machine (EG1160, LEICA), microtome (HM325, LEICA), tissue homogenizer (MICCRA D-1, ART-moderne Labortechnik, Germany), water bath (HI1210, LEICA), microscope (OLYMPUS BX 40F-3, Japan), centrifuge (Sigma 1-15, SIGMA Laborzentrifugen GmbH), mechanical tumbler (Erweka AR400, Erweka Apparatebau GMBH, Germany) and rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavap RII).