S4700 field emission scanning electron microscope sem

NMCAB and nanoformulated CAB (NCAB) were manufactured by high-pressure homogenization (Avestin EmulsiFlex-C3; Avestin Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada). Briefly, MCAB or CAB (5% w/v) was pre-mixed in a P407 solution (0.5% w/v in endotoxin free water) for 16 h at room temperature followed by homogenization at 20,000 psi until the desired particle size of approximately 300 nm was achieved [34 ]. Effective diameter (D_eff), polydispersity index (PdI), and ζ-potential were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano Series Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Westborough, MA, USA). Particle morphology was determined using a Hitachi S4700 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi High Technologies America Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA). The stability of NMCAB was monitored at 4°C for up to 3 months in terms of D_eff, PdI and ζ-potential. The crystalline structures of lyophilized CAB LAP and NMCAB were determined by XRD and compared against CAB or MCAB as described above. Drug loadings and encapsulation efficiencies were calculated using the following equations:
$$\text{Drug Loading}(\%)=\frac{\text{weight of drug in formulation}}{\text{weight of lyophilized formulation}}\times 100$$
$$\text{Encapsulation efficiency}(\%)=\frac{\text{weight of drug in formulation}}{\text{weight of drug fed initally}}\times 100$$