Trimesic acid

Benzothiophene (BT, 98%) and dibenzothiophene (DBT, 98%) were purchased from Shanghai D&B Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate [Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, 99%] and tetrabutylortotitanate (TBOT, 99%) were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. Trimesic acid [C₆H₃(COOH)₃, 99%] and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, 99%, Mr 40000) were provided by J&K Scientific Ltd., Shanghai, China. All other reagents were commercially available and used without further purification.

Terephthalic acid (99%), trimesic acid (99%), cystamine hydrochloride, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide (99%) were purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Chromium nitrate, copper(II) acetate, and L-glutamic acid were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Carbonic anhydrase (CA, bovine red blood cell), formate dehydrogenase (FateDH, lyophilized), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, bovine liver) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nicotinamide adenine quinone dinucleotide (NADH, 98%) was obtained from Aladdin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). CO₂ (>99%) and ¹³CO₂ (>99%) were purchased from Beijing Ruyuan Ruquan Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All other chemicals were obtained from Beijing Chemical Factory (Beijing, China). Double-distilled water was used in all experiments.