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19 protocols using mouse ifn β

1

Cytokine detection and cell death analysis

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ELISA kits were purchased from eBioscience (mouse IL-18, mouse IL-1β, and mouse IFN-λ), and PBL (mouse IFN-β). Antibody pairs for ELISA detection of cytokines were purchased from BD Pharmingen (IFN-γ, IL-6) or from eBioscience (TNF).
Plasmids: human NLRP9 was cloned from colon biopsy cDNA, mouse AIM2, and ASC were cloned from intestine tissue cDNA, tagged with Flag or HA, and then inserted into a pcDNA3.1 vector. Flag-tagged NLRP3, NLRP6 and RIG-I were described previously25 (link).
Tunnel kit for the in situ staining of intestinal epithelial cell death was purchased from Roche. Annexin V/7-AAD staining kit was purchased from eBioscience.
Cell culture: HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216), HEK293 (ATCC CRL-1573) and Caco-2 (ATCC HTB-37) cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS; HT-29 (ATCC HTB-38) cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with F12 nutrients with 10% FBS. THP-1 (ATCC TIB-202) cells were cultured in RPMI medium with 10% FBS. These cell lines are not listed in the database of commonly misidentified cell lines maintained by ICLAC, and not authenticated or tested for mycoplasma contamination.
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2

Quantification of Cytokine Secretion

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Mouse IFN-β (PBL Assay Science, Piscataway, NJ, USA), IL-1β (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) secreted by 106 viable keratinocytes or fibroblasts into 1 ml medium were quantified by ELISA six hours after pDNA electrotransfer.
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3

Polarization of Murine and Human Macrophages

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Polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) was purchased from InvivoGen. Mouse IFNβ (#12405-1) was from PBL. Mouse M-CSF (#315-02), mouse recombinant IL-6 (#315-05), mouse recombinant IL-4 (#214-14), human recombinant M-CSF (#300-25-2), human recombinant IL-6 (#200-06), human recombinant IL-4 (#200-04) were from PeproTech. The ELISA kits for mIL-6 (#88-7064-22) and mIL-4 (#88-7044-22) were from eBioscience.
Mouse IL-4-neutralizing antibodies were from Bio-x cell (#BE0045), mouse IL-6-neutralizing antibody (#504512) was from Biolegend. The ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (#U120) was from Sigma. SHP099 (#HY-1003881) was from MCE. The NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction kit (#78833) was from Thermo Fisher. Primary antibodies for Western blot were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (arginase-1, #93668; pSTAT6-Y641, #565543; STAT6, #93623; pSTAT3-Tyr705, #9145; STAT3, #9139; STAT1, #14994; Erk1/2, #4695; pErk1/2, #4370), and Genscript (Actin, #A00730), Abclonal (GFP, #AE012). Antibodies for Flow Cytometry were purchased form Biolegend: anti-CD16/32 (#101330), AF488-anti-Ly6C (#128022), BV421-anti-F4/80 (#123132), AF647-anti-CD206 (#141712).
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4

Cytokine Production Analysis by ELISA

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ELISA was used to detect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon from cells. After infection, treatment and transfection of stimulants, cell supernatant was collected and analyzed cytokine production levels. Mouse IFN-α (PBL interferon source), mouse IFN-β (PBL interferon source), mouse IL-6 (BD biosciences) and mouse TNF-α (BD biosciences), human IFN-β (PBL interferon source) and human IL-6 (BD biosciences) were used for analysis according to manufacturer’s protocol.
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5

Interferon Beta Secretion Assay

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Cells were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells per well in a 96-well
plate. Mouse IFNβ (PBL Assay Science) was then added. After 6 h of
incubation at 37 °C, the supernatant was aspirated from the wells to
remove the Mouse IFNβ. The wells were then gently washed once with
medium. Fresh warm medium was then replaced in all the wells. After 72 h of
incubation at 37 °C, the supernatant was collected, and the concentration
of IFNβ was determined using the VeriKine Mouse Interferon Beta ELISA Kit
(PBL Assay Science) or Mouse IFN-beta Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D
Systems).
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6

Quantifying NoV Infection in MEFs

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MEFs (1×106) were infected by NoV with the same amount of viral genome copies (5×106). MEFs were harvested at 12, 24, 48, 72-hour post infection (hpi). For IFN pre-treatment, mouse IFN-β at final concentration of 1 IU (International Units)/ml (PBL assay science) was added to MEFs 8 h prior to infection. Total RNA from MEFs was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). First strand cDNA synthesis was performed using iScript Reverse Transcription Supermix (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The copy numbers of the viral genome RNA1 of NoV were analyzed by real-time PCR as previously described [22 (link)].
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7

Investigating Antiviral Immune Responses using Lipid A and IFN-β

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Lipid A from Salmonella enterica serotype minnesota Re 595 was purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, United States). Mouse IFN-β and human IFN-β were purchased from PBL Assay Science (NJ, United States) and FUJIFILMWako (Osaka,Japan), respectively. Neutralizing antibodies against Mouse IFN-β were purchased from PBL Assay Science. QUANTI-Luc for measuring ISGF3 (ISRE) promoter activity of RAW-Lucia ISG cells was purchased from InvivoGen. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) hydrochloride (MW 40,000) was purchased from Polysciences Inc. (Washington, PA, United States). GenomONE-GX was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako. The cells were transfected with 5′ triphosphate double stranded RNA (5′ppp-dsRNA), which is a synthetic ligand for the RIG-I (InvivoGen), using LyoVec, a cationic lipid-based transfection reagent (InvivoGen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Anti-SeV serum was prepared in rabbit by injecting a purified nucleocapsid suspension intravenously. Purified nucleocapsid suspension for immunization was prepared from SeV virion described previously (Compans and Choppin, 1967 (link)). Anti-C serum was used as previously prepared (Takeuchi et al., 2008 (link)).
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8

Comprehensive Immune Modulation Assay

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Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich or Sangon. Polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) was purchased from InvivoGen. Mouse IFNβ (#12405–1) and human IFNα were from PBL and Sangon, respectively. The ELISA kits for mIFN-α and mIFNβ were purchased from PBL (#42120–1) and Biolegend (#439407), respectively. The ELISA kit for mM-CSF was purchased from R&D (#MMC00). JAK Inhibitor I (#420099) was from Merck Millipore. The Stat3 inhibitor Stattic (#S7024) and CSF1R inhibitor GW2580 (#S8042) were from Selleckchem. The CCR2 antagonist RS504393 was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (#2517). Cycloheximide (#239763) was from Calbiochem. Human (#300–25) and murine (#315–02) M-CSF were from PeproTech. Arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA (#10006861) was from Cayman.
Primary antibodies for Western blot were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Erk1/2, #4695; pErk1/2, #4370; CSF1R, #3152; Stat3, #9139; pStat3-Y705, #9145; arginase-1, #93668; pStat1-Y701, #7649; Stat1, #14994), Santa Cruz (GAPDH, #sc-32,233), BD (ARG1, 610,708, for immunofluorescent staining), Genscript (Actin, #A00730) and Sango (Stat1, #AB55186).
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9

Cytokine Profiling in Viral Infection

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To measure type-I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines, mouse IFN-β (PBL interferon source), mouse IL-6 (BD Biosciences), human IFN-β (PBL interferon source) and human IL-6 (BD Biosciences) ELISA kits were used. After infection of virus to cells, the levels of secreted cytokines were measured in supernatant of infected cell. For mice, plasma levels of type-I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines were analysed.
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10

Measurement of Cytokine Secretion in MEFs

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MEFs were transfected with poly(I:C)-LMW (1 μg/mL), poly(I:C)-HMW (1 μg/mL), or poly(dI:dC) (1 μg/mL), or stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) or bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated palmitate (800 μM) for 8 h. The culture supernatants were collected and centrifuged to remove nonadherent cells. The concentrations of mouse IFN-β (#42400-1; PBL Assay Science, Piscataway, NJ, or MIFNB0; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse IL-6 (M6000B; R&D Systems) were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The supernatants of SeV-infected MEFs were also examined.
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