Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous

Streptozotocin, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous, and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA). ORV were provided by Sira Naturals, Kerala, India as a gift sample. HDAC fluorometric activity assay kit was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade obtained from Sisco Research Laboratories (SRL), India.

All chemicals used for the preparation of artificial water (AW)—CaCl₂ × 2H₂O, MgSO₄ × 7H₂O, NaHCO₃, KCl, and MeOH—as well as the Collagenase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit (Catalog No. MAK293) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acarbose, soluble starch, α-amylase from porcine pancreas, iodine–potassium iodide solution, sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), whereas sodium chloride was purchased from Alkaloid (Skopje, North Macedonia) and HCl from Gram-mol d.o.o. (Zagreb, Croatia). All chemicals used in the neuroprotective assay were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: acetylcholine esterase (AChE), 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), acetylcholine iodide (ACTI) and tacrine. Lipase from porcine pancreas, Type II, Orlistat, and lipase substrate, 4-nitrophenyl palmitate, and chloramphenicol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while the 1,4-dioxane for analysis was obtained from Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Mueller Hinton agar used for the preparation of media used in antimicrobial activity testing was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Hydroxytyrosol (2– (3,4–dihydroxyphenyl) and chlorogenic acid (5–O–caffeoylquinic acid, 95%) used as quality control standard of fermentation metabolites, and ethanol, ≥98.0%), methanol Chromasolve^® HPLC grade, pepsin (P–7000, from porcine stomach mucosa, 800–2500 U/mg protein), bile salt (B–8631, porcine), pancreatin (76,190, from hog pancreas, 149 USP U/mg amylase), sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous (NaH₂PO₄), disodium phosphate dihydrate (Na₂HPO₄ × 2H₂O), sodium thioglycolate broth, glycerol suitable for culture was used in all experiments, were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Deionised water (milliQ, Millipore). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 32 wt.% for analysis), ortho–phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄, 85%), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH), and ethanol were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. Acetonitrile and methanol (ACN, MeOH, ≥99.9%, LC–MS grade) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA).

Ferulic acid (FA), Imipramine (IMI), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Escherichia coli serotype O111:B4), kynurenine, tryptophan, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), protease inhibitor cocktail, sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous, disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, trichloroacetic acid and zinc acetate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (St Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (ACN, Scharlau, Spain), glacial acetic acid (GAC, Merck, Germany) and sterile 0.9% saline (Pfizer, West Ryde, Australia). All the other chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Escherichia coli serotype O111:B4), fluoxetine hydrochloride, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous, disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (St Louis, MO, USA). Resveratrol and sirtinol were procured from Abcam (Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.