Perillaldehyde

Indigo, Aliso B acetate, gentiopicroside, peimine, perillaldehyde, wedelolactone, bergapten, picroside I, berberine, cinnamaldehyde, ephedrine, p-synephrine, 6-shogao, and 6-gingerol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Phellodendrine was purchased from Abcam. Baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside, and Ephedra sinica were kindly provided by Y.L. Leu (Chang Gung University, Taiwan). Scutellaria baicalensis (precursor of Baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside) and Ephedra sinica were supplied and authenticated by Department of Pharmacy Services, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taiwan. See Supplementary Information for more details on compound preparation.

Perillaldehyde (PA; CAS registry no. 18031-40-8) and BioTracker 640 red C2 (FM4-64) synaptic dye were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), propidium iodide (PI), an annexin V-Fourier infrared transform chromatography (FITC) kit, a TUNEL kit, and Fluo-3/AM were purchased from Beyotime Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
The B. cinerea wild-type strain B05.10 was maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C as previously described (46 (link)). Fungal strains of F. oxysporum, C. fructicola, N. clavispora, R. solani, and C. cassiicola, as well as a strain of the oomycete P. capsici, were also maintained on PDA at 25°C. A strain of the bacterium R. solanacearum was maintained in LB broth at 30°C.

Three different emulsifiers were used in this study, namely, Tween 80, soybean lecithin, and SE-15 sucrose fatty acid ester. Tween 80 was supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), soybean lecithin was supplied by Biosharp Company (Hefei, China), and SE-15 sucrose fatty acid ester was supplied by Hangzhou Rui Lin Chemical Co. Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Seven different aroma compounds were used in this study, namely, 3-carene, ethyl acetate, perillaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, carvone, α-pinene (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and limonene (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan). Xanthan gum (Shanghai Jingchun Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used to prepare different emulsifier systems to which the thickener was added. Anhydrous ethanol (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was added to dissolve the aroma compounds.