N acetylmannosamine

HepG2 cells (5 × 103 cells/96-well plate) were incubated for 24 hours, and starvation was performed for 4 hours. Uridine, N-acetylmannosamine, cinobufagin, and cinnamoylglycine were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of Uridine, N-acetylmannosamine, cinobufagin, and cinnamoylglycine for 24 hours, and then incubated with 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)−2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma Aldrich) for 4 hours at 37°C and 5% Co₂ incubator. The formazan crystals were dissolved in DMSO and their absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Silicon Valley, CA, USA).

D-Mannosamine hydrochloride was obtained from Sigma (M4670) or Spectrum Chemical MFG Corp (M3220). 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-Fructose hydrochloride (D-isoglucosamine) (803278), D-(+)-Galactosamine (1287722), D-(+)-Glucosamine (1294207), N-acetyl-Mannosamine (A8176), N-acetyl-galactosamine (A2795), N-Acetyl-Glucosamine (A8625), Meglumine (M9179), Muramic acid (M2503), N-Acetylneuraminic acid (A2388), D-(+)-Glucose (D9434), D-(+)-Mannose (1375182), Meglumine (M9179), Tunicamycin from Streptomyces sp. (T7765) and SP600125 (S5567) were obtained from Sigma. Hypure cell culture grade water used to dissolve compounds (endotoxin < 0.005 EU/ml) was obtained from Hyclone. Axitinib was obtained from Santa Cruz (SC-217679). Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was from Calbiochem (1180-95-6) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) (P21005), Castanospermine (Cas, C3784), Kifunensine (K1140), and DMSO (D2650) were from Sigma. DMSO (D2650) was used as a solvent for Cas.