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Streptococcus agalactiae

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Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a gram-positive bacterium. It is a common commensal organism found in the human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Streptococcus agalactiae is available as a laboratory culture for research and diagnostic purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Escherichia coli, by American Type Culture Collection (9 mentions) Staphylococcus aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (8 mentions) Enterococcus faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (8 mentions) Klebsiella pneumoniae, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) Staphylococcus epidermidis, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) Proteus mirabilis, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) Streptococcus pyogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (5 mentions) Streptococcus pneumoniae, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) Salmonella typhimurium, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) S aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Bacillus subtilis, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Acinetobacter baumannii, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Listeria monocytogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Bacillus cereus, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Candida albicans, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Enterobacter cloacae, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) Staphylococcus saprophyticus, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) Streptococcus mutans, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) Helicobacter pylori, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)

17 protocols using streptococcus agalactiae

1

Standardization of Streptococcus Serotyping

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To perform standardisation and to determine the analytical parameters of the methodology, specific reference strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12403, Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 13813, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 21547, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 13048. Three non-ATCC strains, confirmed by the ISPCH, were included: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus spp. and Serratia marcescens. Isolates of axenic cultures of nine serotypes of GBS (n = 21) from patients with invasive infections (received from 2013 to 2018 by the Bacteriology Reference Laboratory of the ISPCH for confirmation) were also used.
Escobar D.F., Diaz-Dinamarca D.A., Hernández C.F., Soto D.A., Manzo R.A., Alarcón P.I., Pinto C.H., Bastias D.N., Oberg-Bravo C.N., Rojas R., Illanes S.E., Kalergis A.M, & Vasquez A.E. (2020). Development and analytical validation of real-time PCR for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 352.
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2

Antibacterial Activity of MPs Leaf Extracts

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The antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of the selected MPs was evaluated against selected standard bacterial strains of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The bacterial strains selected were representative of both classes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The tested gram-positive bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12386), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and those of the gram-negative bacterial strains included Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35659), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022). The microorganisms were maintained at the Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate (TMMRD) of Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) microbiology laboratory on Triptosoya + 20% glycerol broth at -78°C. Finally, the selected bacterial strains were cultivated using Mueller-Hinton broth [26 ].
Alemu M., Lulekal E., Asfaw Z., Warkineh B., Debella A., Abebe A., Degu S, & Debebe E. (2024). Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of traditional medicinal plants most preferred for treating infectious diseases in Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 19(3), e0300060.
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3

Microbial Isolates from Ethiopian Health Institute

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Six bacteria including E. coli (ATCC 25922), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), S. aureus (ATCC, 25923), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12386), and K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) were obtained from the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute particularly from the microbiology laboratory of Traditional and Modern Medicine Drug Research Directorate (TMMRD).
Dagne A., Degu S., Abebe A, & Bisrat D. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of a Phenylpropanoid from the Root Extract of Carduus leptacanthus Fresen. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2023, 4983608.
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4

Microbial Strain Collection for Antimicrobial Assays

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Standard strains: Moraxella catarrhalis (GTC 01544), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Escherichia coli (K12), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13813), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Neisseria lactamicus (ATCC 23970), Enterobacter cloacae, (ATCC 23355), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (209P), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IFO 3445).

Clinical strains: Moraxella catarrhalis, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia enterocolitica.

In addition to a sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) derived Bacillus sp. which obtained from the Laboratory in Medical Plants Garden, Nagasaki University.

Fungal strains: the fungal strains used were Aspergillus niger (NBRC 33023), Penicillium crustosum (NBRC 33015), Schizophyllum commune (NBRC 30749), Trichophyton concentricum (NBRC 31068), and Candida albicans (NBRC 10108).

Suliman Mohamed M., Timan Idriss M., Khedr A.I., Abd AlGadir H., Takeshita S., Shah M.M., Ichinose Y, & Maki T. (2014). Activity of Aristolochia bracteolata against Moraxella catarrhalis. International Journal of Bacteriology, 2014, 481686.
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5

Microdilution Assay of Bacterial Strains

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The following bacterial strains were used in this study for the microdilution assay: Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12386, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC 15305 (the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, United States). The antibiotic controls were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, United States).
Ye J., Chu A.J., Lin L., Yang X, & Ma C. (2019). First-In-Class Inhibitors Targeting the Interaction between Bacterial RNA Polymerase and Sigma Initiation Factor Affect the Viability and Toxin Release of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecules, 24(16), 2902.
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6

Antimicrobial Activity of 14 Bacterial Strains

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A total of 14 reference bacterial strains, responsible for highly prevalent human and veterinary diseases and food spoilage, were selected for this study, including both Gram-negative (Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 13048, Klebsiella pneumoniae C6, Pasteurella aerogenes ATCC 27883, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 35659, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311, and Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144, and Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12386). All microorganisms were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Dartford, United Kingdom) as freeze-dried Culti-loops™ bacteria, rehydrated and stored at −80 °C in cryovials (Deltalab S.L. Barcelona, Spain) until use. Rehydration and cultivation conditions for antimicrobial activity assays were carried out in accordance with ATCC and Thermo Scientific product sheet instructions for each strain (see Table S1).
Gan C., Langa E., Valenzuela A., Ballestero D, & Pino-Otín M.R. (2023). Synergistic Activity of Thymol with Commercial Antibiotics against Critical and High WHO Priority Pathogenic Bacteria. Plants, 12(9), 1868.
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7

Bacterial Strain Identification Protocol

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A total of 16 reference bacterial strains of S. aureus (ATCC-25923), Staphylococcus hominis (ATCC-27844), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (ATCC-29970), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC-12228), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (ATCC-15305), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC-49619), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC-13813), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC-19615), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC-49149), K. pneumonia (ATCC-13883), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC-35659), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC-14579), Salmonella enterica (ATCC-14028), and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC-7644) were purchased from BIOBW (China). Eight AMR S. aureus strains were acquired from the College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, China. Culture-based biochemical and susceptibility tests, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and PCR-Sanger sequencing were used to identify all bacterial strains. Following the manufacturer's directions, genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from bacterial cells collected from the bacterial culture medium using a Bacteria Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (TIANamp Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). All extracted gDNA was quantified using a NanoDrop2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific UK, no longer available) and kept at –20°C until testing.
Lin C., Zeng Y., Zhu Z., Liao J., Yang T., Liu Y., Wei H., Li J., Ma J., Wu X., Lin G., Lin L., Chen L., Huang H., Chen W., Wang J., Wen F, & Lin M. (2023). A Rapid Antimicrobial Resistance Diagnostic Platform for Staphylococcus aureus Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Microbiology Spectrum, 11(2), e04476-22.
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8

Antimicrobial Activity of Compounds

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The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by standard strains. The Gram-positive bacteria examined included Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 14990), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 12344), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 27956), and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; NTCC 10442). The Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were also included, as well as the fungi Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) and Candida glabrata (ATCC MYA 2950). Multi-resistant clinical isolates from patients, such as MRSA 818014 and MRSA 818081, were also examined. All microorganisms were supplied by Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hygiene Institute, Heidelberg University.
Ashour M.L., El-Readi M.Z., Hamoud R., Eid S.Y., El Ahmady S.H., Nibret E., Herrmann F., Youns M., Tahrani A., Kaufmann D, & Wink M. (2014). Anti-infective and cytotoxic properties of Bupleurum marginatum. Chinese Medicine, 9, 4.
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9

Microbial Characterization for Antimicrobial Research

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Microorganisms selected for the experiment were standard strains including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12386), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) brought from Ethiopian Public Health Institute, and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli obtained from Animal Products, Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Quality Assessment Centre of Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, and Candida albicans (ATCC10231) brought from Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute. The Gram staining, selective media, haemolysin and catalase test were conducted to confirm test microorganisms according to CLSI (2008 ) and Brown and Lowbury (1965).
Kebede B, & Shibeshi W. (2022). In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts and fractions of leaves of Ricinus communis Linn against selected pathogens. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8(4), 1802-1815.
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10

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Disinfectants

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Two independent experimental trials were conducted. The first trial determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the two chemical disinfectants, aqueous CHX and PI, against six control strains. In the second trial, bacterial killing assays were performed with CHX, PI, and LG, applied separately and in combination.
The assays were carried out using the control strains Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12,228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29,213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 51,299), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27,853) and Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13,813). All them were subcultured in blood agar plates (Biomerieux, Marcy-l’Etiole, France) incubated at 37ºC with 5% CO2 24 h before use. The antiseptic solutions were of CHX 0.1% (BOHMCLORH, Madrid, Spain), PI 5% (CURADONA, Lainco, Barcelona, Spain) and LG (Ophtesic 20 mg/g LDD, Puteaux, France).
Batista C.S., Loscos-Giménez I., Gámez M., Altaba R., de Miniac D., Martí N., Bassaganyas F., Juanes E., Rivera A, & Navarro F. (2024). Comparing the in vitro efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the prevention of post-surgical endophthalmitis. Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection, 14, 20.
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