3 amino 1 propanesulfonic acid

All materials were used as received without further purification. Commercial ITO substrates (20 Ω sq⁻¹) with 25 mm × 25 mm dimension were purchased from TFD Inc. The organic halide salts (FAI, MAI) as well as 4-Fluorophenethylammonium bromide (4F-PEABr) were purchased from GreatCell Solar Materials (Australia). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) aqueous solution (Al 4083) was purchased from Heraeus Clevios (Germany). PbI₂ (99.99%), and CsI (99.99%) were purchased from TCI Chemicals. SnI₂ (99.99%), SnF₂ (99%), 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (APSA) and Guanidine thiocyanate (GuaSCN, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. C₆₀ and Bathocuproine (BCP) were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology (China). 4-Aminobutylphosphonic acid (4-ABPA) was purchased from Ambeed. All the solvents used in the process were anhydrous and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Cell extract samples were analyzed by flow-injection analysis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (FIA-TOFMS) on an Agilent 6550 iFunnel Q-TOF LC-MS System (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), as described by Fuhrer et al.^{14 (link)}. This method allows generating high-resolution spectral profiles in less than one minute per sample, allowing for sensitive high-throughput profiling of large sample collections. In brief, a defined sample volume of 5 µL is injected using a Gerstel MPS2 autosampler into a constant flow of isopropanol/water (60:40, v/v) buffered with 5 mM ammonium carbonate (pH 9), containing two compounds for online mass axis correction: 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid, (138.0230374 m/z, Sigma Aldrich, cat. no. A76109) and hexakis(1H,1H,3H-tetrafluoropropoxy)phosphazine (940.0003763 m/z, HP-0921, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The sample plug is delivered directly to the ion source for ionization in negative mode (325 °C source temperature, 5 L/min drying gas, 30 psig nebulizer pressure, 175 V fragmentor voltage, 65 V skimmer voltage). Mass spectra were recorded in the mass range 50–1000 m/z in 4 GHz high-resolution mode with an acquisition rate of 1.4 spectra per second. Raw MS profiles were processed to align spectra and pick centroid ion masses using an in-house data processing environment in Matlab R2015b (The Mathworks, Natick).

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (homotaurine) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, whereas Cureit® curcumin was provided by Fisher Chemicals Aurea Biolab. Curcumin and vitamin D3 were first dissolved in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) to final concentrations of 250 and 25 mM, respectively. Homotaurine was resuspended in PBS to a final concentration of 500 mM.