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15 protocols using alexa 488 labeled phalloidin

1

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Platelet and MK

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Platelets and CD34 + -derived differentiated MK were allowed to adhere over coated fibrinogen (100 µg/ml) for 1 hour and 3 days respectively. Platelets, MK and bone marrow smears were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. After washing, cells were permeabilized with 0.3% Triton X100 in PBS for 5 min, blocked using 3% BSA PBS for 1 hour and incubated overnight with rabbit anti-CSTA antibody (Genetex; 63944). Next, cells were incubated with anti-rabbit Alexa-546-labeled secondary antibody (Life technologies; A11010), Alexa-488-labeled Phalloidin (Life technologies; A12379). Finally, after washing steps, the slides were mounted with DAPI-containing Fluoromount and examined using an AXIO Imager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany).
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2

Androgen Receptor Signaling in Cell Adhesion

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Chemicals, unless indicated otherwise, were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Synthetic androgen R1881 was from Sigma Aldrich, extracellular matrices fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, collagen I, collagen IV and Src inhibitor PP2 were from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Cycloheximide (Sigma-Aldrich) and MG132 (EMD-Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) were used at indicated concentrations. Antibodies to AR (N-20), Integrin β1 (M-106) and Filamin A were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), Rac-1 (clone 102) was from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Total FAK, phospho-FAK (Y397), total Src, phospho-Src (Y416) were from Cell Signaling, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). RNase L monoclonal antibody was kindly provided by Robert Silverman (Cleveland Clinic). Antibodies to β-actin, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to Flag tag, Flag-M2 agarose beads were from Sigma Aldrich. Anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG HRP linked secondary antibodies were from Cell Signaling, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA) and ECL reagents were from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ, USA) and Boston Bioproducts (Ashland, MA, USA). Alexa 488-labeled Phalloidin, and Alexa fluor 647 donkey anti-rabbit IgG were from Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA.
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3

Quantifying Cell Spreading Dynamics

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DU145 or PC3 (control or RNase L-knockdown) were plated on fibronectin-coated coverslips for indicated times up to 100 min. Attached and spread cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS (Boston Bioproducts, Ashland, MA, USA) for 10 min and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton-X-100 for 5 min. F-actin was labeled with Alexa 488-labeled phalloidin (Life Technologies, CA, USA) and mounted in Vectashield with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Cells were imaged by the use of a Leica TCS SP5 multiphoton laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Weitzler, Germany), and cell area was quantitated using NIH Image J software. Experiments were repeated in triplicate with at least 30 measurements per time point for each experiment. Data are shown as mean area at indicated time points ± SEM.
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4

Characterization of Wdr-1 Hypomorphic Mice

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Goat antibody to Wdr-1 and rabbit antibody to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, while rabbit anticofilin-1 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology. Alexa 488-labeled sheep antirabbit antibody, Alexa 647-labeled donkey antigoat antibody and Alexa 488-labeled phalloidin were purchased from Invitrogen. Apyrase, polylysine and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Fibrinogen was isolated as described before (9 (link)). The hypomorphic allele of Wdr-1 mice has been described before (7 (link)). The mutant mouse (Wdr-1rd/rd) has a T>A transversion in the second dinucleotide of the intron 9 splice donor and it produces a mutant transcript containing a 6-bp in-frame deletion that results in a incorrectly folded, nonfunctional protein (7 (link)). A small amount of normal splicing produces some wildtype protein, resulting in a hypomorphic allele (Figure 1, Panels A and B). All animals were treated in accordance with the protocol approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Baylor College of Medicine.
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5

Quantifying Missing Sensory Cells in Cochlea

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The numbers of missing sensory cells in the organs of Corti were quantified using f-actin staining in the cuticular plates [26] (link). The absence of fluorescence in the cuticular plate region indicates a loss of cells. Specifically, the formalin-fixed cochleae collected from the Prestin-CreERT2 mice and wild-type mice were dissected in 10 mM PBS, and the sensory epithelium tissues were collected. The tissues were permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 30 min, blocked with 10% goat serum in PBS and incubated with Alexa 488-labeled phalloidin (Invitrogen) for 30 min at room temperature. The number of missing outer hair cells was quantified by a single observer and this observer was not blinded to the experimental conditions.
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6

Immunofluorescence Staining of Actin, Nuclei, and Focal Adhesions

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Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Science) and permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich). For actin and nucleus staining, cells were incubated with Alexa-488-labeled phalloidin (Invitrogen) and Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich) in 1% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) blocking solution. For focal adhesion staining, cells were incubated with rabbit anti-vinculin (Invitrogen) primary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, cells were incubated for 1 h with Alexa-568-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. All images were obtained using an upright microscope (Nikon) with Plan Fluor 20 × (NA 0.5) and S Plan Fluor 40 × (NA 0.6) objectives.
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7

Corneal Tissue Cryosectioning and Staining

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Briefly, corneal tissue blocks were embedded in O.C.T. Compound (Tissue-Teck, Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA), snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored in an ultralow freezer (−80 °C, Revco Ultima II, Asheville, NC) before sectioning with a Leica CM 1850 cryotome (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Nine 8-μm-thick tissue sections were collected at 100-μm intervals and placed onto glass slides, alternating between slides so that the greatest depth of sampling was achieved (three sections/slide). Sections on one slide were then stained with Alexa 488-labeled phalloidin (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR) for 20 min. Slides were washed three times for 5 min each, counterstained with DAPI (300 nM, Invitrogen) in PBS for 15 min, and then washed for a final 5 min. Coverslips were then added to the slides using Gel/Mount (Biomeda, Foster City, CA) mounting media.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining of Keratinocytes

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For immunofluorescence staining, keratinocytes on PDMS substrates were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Science) and permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich). For actin and nucleus staining, the cells were incubated with Alexa-488-labeled phalloidin (Invitrogen) and Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich) in 1% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) blocking solution. For focal adhesion staining, the cells were incubated with a focal adhesion kinase (Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA) primary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, the cells were incubated for 1 h with Alexa-568-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All images were obtained using an upright microscope (Nikon) with Plan Fluor 20× (NA 0.5) and S Plan Fluor 40× (NA 0.6) objectives.
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9

Visualizing Human Cells in Mouse Tissues

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Human-specific cytoskeletal marker cytokeratin 18 (humCK18) was stained as described19 (link) to visualize human clusters in mouse livers and spleens. Furthermore, morphological characteristics and activity of hepatocyte-specific factors in livers were demonstrated as detailed in Supplementary Table S2. For the detection of bile canaliculi the sections were incubated with Alexa 488-labeled Phalloidin (Invitrogen; 1:50, 1 h) to stain actin filaments in green. Hoechst 33258 (Invitrogen) was used as counterstaining for viable cell nuclei (1:20,000, 1 min).
All sections were visualized by fluorescence microscopy.
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10

Quantifying Cell Morphology and Viability

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Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized in 0.5%
Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). For actin and nucleus staining,
the cells were incubated with Alexa-488-labeled phalloidin (Invitrogen,
USA) and Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in PBS with 1% bovine
serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). All images were obtained using
an upright microscope (Nikon, Japan) with Plan Fluor 20× (NA
0.5) and S Plan Fluor 40× (NA 0.6) objectives. Quantification
analysis was performed to measure the cell area, perimeter, and aspect
ratio using the open source software Cell Profiler.52 (link) For a live–dead viability test, an ethidium homodimer
in combination with Calcein-AM (Invitrogen, USA) was used.
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