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21 protocols using ai32 mice

1

Generation and Characterization of Piezo2 Knockout Mice

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Generation of the Advillin-CreERT2 Piezo2 conditional knockout and HoxB8-Cre Piezo2 knockout mice have been previously described (14 (link), 15 (link)). For both Cre-lines, Piezo2fl/- mice containing one floxed allele and one null allele were used as Piezo2 knockouts, and littermates which did not carry the Cre allele and were homozygous or heterozygous for the floxed allele were used as controls. CGRP-GFP and MRGPRD-eGFP (25 (link)) mice were a generous gift from Drs. David Ginty and Mark Zylka, respectively. The Piezo2-GFP-IRES-Cre mouse was generated as previously described (21 (link)).
Piezo2-GFP-IRES-Cre mice were crossed to Ai32 mice (The Jackson Laboratory, (22 (link))) that carry the ChR2(H134R)-EYFP construct separated from its CAG promoter by a floxed stop sequence, ensuring the selective expression in Cre-positive tissues. Regarding the viral approach, Piezo2-GFP-IRES-Cre mouse pups (P0-P2) were intraperitoneally injected with AAV8-CAG-Flex-ChR2-tdtomato virus (10 ul per pup, virus titer 2×1013 GC/ml). Behavioral assessments were conducted at least 4 weeks post-injection.
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2

Optogenetic Manipulation of Nav1.8+ Neurons

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Nav1.8ChR2 mice were generated by crossing Nav1.8cre mice with Ai32 (RCL-ChR2(H134R)/EYFP) mice. Nav1.8cre mice were gifts from Dr. John Wood at University College London and transferred to us from Dr. Stephen Waxman’s lab at Yale University. Ai32 mice were purchased from Jackson Labs. Animal care and use conformed to NIH guidelines for care and use of experimental animals. Experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
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3

Optogenetic Manipulations of Vglut2+ Neurons

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Ten mice were used. We used Vglut2-Cre mice [Jackson laboratories, #028863, Vglut2-ires-cre knock-in (C57BL/6J); Vong et al., 2011 (link); Figures 1A,B], ChR2-EYFP-lox mice (Ai32 mice, Jackson laboratory, #024109, B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm32(CAG-COP4*H134R/EYFP)Hze/J; Madisen et al., 2012 (link); Figure 1B), and ZsGreen-lox mice (Ai6 mice, Jackson laboratory, #007906, B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm6(CAG-ZsGreen1)Hze/J; Madisen et al., 2012 (link); Figure 1A). We crossed homozygous Vglut2-Cre mice with homozygous ChR2-EYFP-lox mice to obtain the double heterozygous Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP mice. We crossed homozygous Vglut2-Cre mice with homozygous ZsGreen-lox mice to obtain the double heterozygous Vglut2-ZsGreen mice. Animals had ad libitum access to food and water, with lights on from 6 AM to 8 PM. Mice were 16–36 weeks old for in vivo optogenetics (three males, two females), 10–18 weeks old for neuroanatomy (one male, two females), and 15–23 days old for patch-clamp experiments (one male, one undetermined).
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4

Optogenetic Activation of TRPV1+ Neurons

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All procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Washington University and in strict accordance with the US National Institute of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Adult male and female mice (7-14 weeks of age) utilized in experiments were housed in Washington University School of Medicine animal facilities on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with access ad libitum to food and water.
For relevant optogenetic experiments, mice were generated with conditional expression of ChR2 in TrpV1 expressing sensory neurons by crossing heterozygous TrpV1-Cre mice (provided by Dr. Mark Hoon, NIDCR39 (link)) with homozygous Ai32 mice (Stock 3: 012569, The Jackson Laboratory)40 (link). For the purposes of this study, we refer to these mice as “TRPV1:ChR2”. These mice were previously characterized in our lab41 (link). All other experiments were performed using C57BL/6J mice bred in house, originally obtained from The Jackson Laboratory.
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5

Optogenetic Manipulation of Sensory Neurons

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Adult mice (8–12 weeks of age) are utilized for this study. Mice are housed in the animal facilities of the Washington University School of Medicine on a 12 hour light/dark cycle, with access ad libitum to food and water. Institutionally approved protocols are followed for all aspects of this study.
Three Cre-driver lines are used for this study including heterozygous SNS-Cre mice from Rohini Kuner21 , heterozygous TrpV1-Cre mice from Mark Hoon22 (link), and heterozygous Advillin-Cre mice provided by Fan Wang.14 (link) Mice from each of these three lines are crossed to homozygous Ai32 mice from Jackson Laboratory. As previously described, Ai32 mice harbor ChR2 (H134R)-eYFP in the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus.23 (link) To generate mice with conditional expression of ChR2 in specific populations of sensory neurons, mice with ChR2 in the Rosa locus (Ai32 mice) are crossed to mice expressing cre from various sensory neuron-specific driver gene loci (Advillin, TrpV1, or SNS). For the purposes of this study, the three lines generated are referred to as Advillin-ChR2, TrpV1-ChR2, and SNS-ChR2, respectively.
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6

Genetic Labeling of Striatal Neuronal Inputs

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Animal care and procedures used for these studies were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and conformed to the guidelines of the US National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Animals. For most experiments, 9–18 week old male C57Bl/6J mice (The Jackson Laboratory, stock no. 000664) were used. For experiments evaluating glutamatergic transmission in CINs, hemizygous ChAT-IRES-Cre mice (The Jackson Laboratory, stock no. 006410) were crossed with Ai14 mice (The Jackson Laboratory, stock no. 007908) to drive TdTomato reporter expression in CINs. For some experiments evaluating corticostriatal and thalamostriatal transmission, Ai32 mice (The Jackson Laboratory, stock no. 024109) were crossed with Emx1-IRES-Cre (The Jackson Laboratory, stock no. 005628) or vGlut2-IRES-Cre mice (The Jackson Laboratory, stock no. 016963, backcrossed at NIAAA to C57Bl/6J mice for at least six generations), respectively. This allowed Cre-dependent expression of ChR2 in the striatal inputs of interest. Animals were housed 2–4 per cage in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room with a standard 12 hour light/dark cycle and ad libitum access to food and water.
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7

CaMKIIα-Cre Mice for Channelrhodopsin2 Expression

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Homozygous CaMKIIα-Cre line T29–1 transgenic mice (Jackson Laboratory #005359) were crossed with homozygous Ai32 mice (Jackson Laboratory #012569) to express channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) in neurons expressing male and female CaMKIIα in F1 hybrid mice (N = 5; 3 male; 25–40g, 30–50 weeks of age). After implantation, animals were housed individually on a reversed 12/12 h day/night schedule. Following one week of recovery, mice were recorded 5–7 days/week for two months before being euthanized with pentobarbital cocktail (Euthasol®, transcardial 300 mg/kg) and perfused with formalin (10%). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of New York University Medical Center.
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8

Generating Mice with Optogenetic Control

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All experimental procedures were approved by the committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory animals of the Government of Upper Bavaria, Germany. Mice selectively expressing ChR2(H134R)-EYFP in forebrain glutamatergic neurons were generated by breeding homozygous NEX-Cre mice (Goebbels et al., 2006 (link)) to homozygous Ai32 mice (Madisen et al., 2012 (link); purchased from the Jackson Laboratory). Genotyping was performed using the following primers specific for NEX-Cre: NEXCre4 5′-GAG-TCC-TGG-AAT-CAG-TCT-TTT-TC-3′, NEXCre5 5′-AGA-ATG-TGG-AGT-AGG-GTG-AC-3′, and NEXCre6 5′-CCG-CAT-AAC-CAG-TGA-AAC-AG-3′. Standard PCR conditions resulted in a Cre-specific PCR product of 525-bp and a wild-type PCR product of 770-bp. Genotyping for ChR2 was conducted according to the genotyping protocol provided by the Jackson Laboratory. All animals were housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle starting 5 days before the experiment and had access to water and food ad libitum. All experiments were performed in 8- to 12-week-old male mice.
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9

Optogenetics in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex

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This study is based on 61 transgenic mice heterozygous for Ntsr1-Cre (Strain: Tg(Ntsr1-cre)GN220Gsat/Mmucd). This strain expresses Cre recombinase in L6 CT projection cells (Bortone et al., 2014 (link); Gong et al., 2007 (link); Kim et al., 2014 (link)). All mice used had ICR genetic backgrounds (Charles River). Of the 61 mice used here, 50 were bred by crossing Ntsr1-Cre males with wild-type ICR female mice. These mice were used for the majority of our experiments following viral induction of ChR2 in the somatosensory CT pathway (below). The remaining mice were bred by crossing Ntsr1-Cre males with female mice homozygous for a conditional (Cre-dependent) ChR2-EYFP allele (Ai32 mice; Jackson Labs # 012569; n = 8 mice) or tdTomato allele (Ai9 mice; Jackson Labs; n = 3 mice). The Ntsr1/Ai32 mice were only used for the following experiments: 1) Low frequency (0.1 Hz) optical CT stimulation studies with paired ML electrical stimulation or, 2) studies involving electrical stimulation of TRN axons. All animals were group-housed, maintained on a 12:12 h light-dark cycle, and provided food and water ad libitum.
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10

Intracellular Recordings in Anesthetized Rodents

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All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at New York University Medical Center and the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Cajal (CSIC). Intracellular recordings in anesthetized rats were obtained in Madrid and were performed according to the Spanish legislation (R.D. 1201/2005 and L.32/2007), the European Communities Council Directives of 1986 (86/609/EEC) and 2003 (2003/65/CE) for animal research. All animals were kept in the vivarium on a 12-h light/dark cycle and were housed 2–3 per cage. Following surgery, the mice were moved to a 12-hour reverse light cycle (lights on/off at 7 pm/am) and housed individually. Prior to behavior training, mice were provided food and water ad libitum, but were water restricted to maintain 85% of their weight during and after behavioral training. Homozygous CaMKIIa-Cre line T29–1 transgenic mice (Jackson Laboratory #005359) were crossed with homozygous Ai32 mice (Jackson Laboratory #012569) to express channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) in neurons expressing CaMKIIa in F1 hybrid mice. We used n = 7 male F1 hybrid mice (n = 3 mice for extracellular recordings and n = 4 for intracellular recordings in head-fixed conditions; 25–40 g, 30–50 weeks of age) and n = 10 male and female Wistar rats (240–450 gr; 20 to 50 weeks of age).
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