To assess fibrin fiber thickness in T1DM and controls, clots were formed in duplicate in the pierced lids of 0.6 mL centrifuge tubes in 45 µL volumes of pooled plasma diluted onefold in buffer (50 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4). The plasma samples were pooled from six randomly chosen subjects from each of the T1DM and control group. Clotting was induced by addition of 5 µL of 25 mM CaCl
2and 5 U/mL thrombin in buffer (50 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4). The clots were incubated for 2 hours at 100% humidity. For fixation, clots were given three washes (for 40 minutes each) with 67 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 7.4 and an overnight wash in 2% glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer. Samples were dehydrated using a series of acetone washes and dried in a critical point drier. The clots were mounted on SEM stubs, coated with a 4 nm layer of iridium and viewed and photographed at ×10,000 magnification using a SU8230 scanning electron microscope (Hitachi; Maidenhead, UK) operating at 10 kV. Five images per sample were acquired and they were analyzed with Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems; San Jose, CA, United States); the diameters of 50 fibers per picture were measured. The images were adjusted for brightness and contrast and cropped.