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19 protocols using live dead cell stain

1

Multiparametric Phenotyping of Mouse Cells

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For mouse experiments, tissues were processed, single cell suspensions obtained, and cells were stained as described (Wherry et al., 2003 (link)). Mouse cells were stained with LIVE/DEAD cell stain (Invitrogen) and antibodies targeting surface or intracellular proteins. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed after 5 hrs ex vivo stimulation with GP33-41 peptide in the presence of GolgiPlug, GolgiStop and anti-CD107a. After stimulation, cells were stained with surface antibodies, followed by fixation with Fixation/Permeabilization Buffer and then stained with intracellular antibodies for TNF, IFN-γ and MIP1α using Permeabilization Wash Buffer according to manufacturer’s instructions. Flow cytometry was performed with an LSRII. Cell sorting experiments were performed with a BD-Aria sorter, with 70-micron nozzle and a 4°C circulating cool-down system for sequencing, western and TIDE assays.
For sorting RV+ cells optimized sorting in the transfer experiments, the BD Aria Sorter was set at 37°C and 100-micron nozzle, with a flow rate lower than 3.0. 3 X 106 Cells are concentrated in 300ul 10% complete RPMI with 100 U/mL recombinant human IL-2 during sorting. 37°C pre-warmed collection tubes with 10% complete RPMI (100 U/ml IL-2) are used. Sorted cells are washed by 37°C warm pure RPMI before transferring into recipients.
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2

Splenic Cell Oxidative Burst Assay

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Splenic cells were isolated as described previously and approximately 1 million cells were blocked with 1 µl of TruStain FcX (anti-mouse 16/32) antibody (Biolegend, San Diego, CA) for 1 h on ice. After blocking, 1 µl of different antibodies including anti-CD11b, anti-Ly6G, and anti-Gr1 (All BioLegend, San Diego, CA) were added to each tube together with 1 µl of live/dead cell stain (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA). Hanks’ Balanced Salt solution was used for immunostaining, washing, and resuspending cells. Then 4 µl of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR; 5 mM) and 10 µl of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) bacterial peptide (10 mM) were added to cells, resuspended in 500 µl of Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), incubated at 37°C for 20 min and then immediately transferred to ice for 10 min to stop the reaction (37 (link)). Cells were washed twice with HBSS, and fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry.
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3

Detailed Immunophenotyping of Murine Bone Marrow

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Monoclonal antibodies specific for the following antigens were purchased from Biolegend, eBioscience and BD Biosciences: CD4, CD8, CD3, GL3 (TCRγδ), CD19, CD44, CD25, NK1.1, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, Gr-1, Ter119, Flt3, Sca-1, CD27, c-kit, CD127, Ly6G. Viability was analyzed using LIVE/DEAD cell stain (Invitrogen). Cells were stained with antibodies for 20–30 minutes at 4°C, washed with FACS buffer (PBS/0.2% BSA/0.01% NaN3) and fixed using 2% paraformaldehyde/ PBS (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Fluorescence was measured using an LSRII (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR). Whole BM was analyzed for progenitor populations that were negative for lineage markers (Lin-; CD11b, CD11c, Ter119, NK1.1, CD3, CD19, Gr-1). Fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls were used as indicated in the figure legends, either as the negative controls in order to detect expression of various cell surface markers, or to assist in gating of certain populations.
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4

Evaluating Cell Surface Markers in Response to Treatments

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CRL-2167 cells were cultured as described above and treated with 25 µg/mL of HSA, HSA-MAA, LDL, or LDL-MAA for 24 h. Cells were then washed and stained with the following antibodies: mouse anti-mouse BUV395 labeled intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), rat anti-mouse VioBright 515 labeled vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA, USA), or rat anti-mouse Brilliant Violet 510 labeled anti-CD86 (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA). Compensation beads were used to correct for spectral overlap and cells were stained for vitality using a LIVE/DEAD cell stain (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Dead cells were gated out of the analysis and data is expressed as percent positive compared with the antibody controls.
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5

Single Cell Cytokine Analysis of Mouse Cells

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For mouse experiments, tissues were processed, single cell suspensions obtained, and cells were stained as described (Wherry et al., 2003 (link)). Mouse cells were stained with LIVE/DEAD cell stain (Invitrogen) and with antibodies targeting surface or intracellular proteins. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed after 5 hrs ex vivo stimulation with GP33-41 peptide in the presence of GolgiPlug, GolgiStop and anti-CD107a. After stimulation, cells were stained with surface antibodies, followed by fixation with Fixation/Permeabilization Buffer and then stained with intracellular antibodies for TNF, IFN-γ and GrzmB using Permeabilization Wash Buffer according to manufacturer’s instructions. Flow cytometry was performed with an LSRII. Cell sorting experiments were performed with a BD-Aria sorter, with 70 micron nozzle and a 4°C circulating cool-down system.
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6

Multiparametric Phenotypic Immune Cell Analysis

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All flow cytometric stains were conducted at room temperature (RT). For phenotypic identification, bulk PBMCs or mononuclear cells isolated from tissues were initially stained with Live/Dead Cell Stain (Invitrogen) for 15 minutes in PBS. MR1 tetramer (BV421, NIH tetramer core) staining was performed as previously described (18 ). Afterwards we conducted surface staining with optimized antibody cocktails for 20 minutes in FACS Buffer (PBS containing 2% FBS). Cells were then washed with FACS buffer and fixed in PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich). For samples requiring intracellular staining, cells were fixed and permeabilized using the Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set (Thermo Fisher) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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7

Characterizing Mononuclear Phagocytes in Lymph Nodes

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LN single-cell suspensions were stained with the following cross-reactive surface-labeling anti-human antibodies for mononuclear phagocyte detection (all antibodies were purchased from BD Biosciences unless otherwise noted): CD11c (clone S-HCL-3), CD123 (7G3), CD103 (2G5, Beckman Coulter), CD163 (GH1/61, BioLegend), HLA-DR (L243), CD20 (2H7, eBioscience), and CD3 (SP34-2). Nonviable cells were excluded by staining with a fluorescent LIVE/DEAD cell stain (Invitrogen). For analysis of nuclear protein Ki67 (B56), LN cells were permeabilized with Cytofix/Cytoperm (BD Biosciences) and then stained with antibody in Perm/Wash buffer (BD Biosciences). Data were acquired using a LSR II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FlowJo 7.6.4.
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8

Quantifying Cell Surface Receptor Expression

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Cells were washed with autoMACs rinsing solution containing BSA and resuspended in human or mouse FcγR blocking reagent (Miltenyi Biotech, CA, USA). After a 15 min, cells were stained with 2.5 μg/ml Alexa-647 B-1329 or hIgG1 for 30 min, washed, then incubated with live/dead cell stain (Invitrogen). Cells were analyzed on a Fortessa (BD). Cell surface receptor numbers were quantified by running Quantum Simply Cellular anti-IgG Beads and APC-MESF beads (Bangs Laboratories) in parallel with the cell samples.
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9

Multiparametric Flow Cytometry Analysis

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Tissues were processed, single cell suspensions obtained and cells were stained as described (Wherry et al., 2003 (link)). Cells were stained with LIVE/DEAD cell stain (Invitrogen), CD8 (Abcam), CD44, CD45.2, CD62L and CD27 (Biolegend), CD127 (eBiosciences), KLRG1 (Cell Lab), CXCR3 (R&D Systems), TNFR2 (BD Pharmingen), Bim (Cell Signalling) and MHC class I/Kb OVA257-264 tetramer. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed after 5 hrs of ex vivo stimulation with OVA257-264 peptide as described (Wherry et al., 2003 (link)) and cells stained with IL-2, TNF-α (Biolegend), and IFN-γ (eBioscience). Cells were analyzed using LSRII (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (Treestar).
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10

Multiparametric Flow Cytometry Analysis of Diverse Mononuclear Cell Populations

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Mononuclear cells for flow cytometry were isolated from the aorta, PBMC and BMDM to detect the characterization of different cell populations. Mouse aortas were digested by using an optimized digestion enzyme mix recipe (Collagenase I 450U/mL, Collagenase XI 125U/mL, DNase I 60U/mL, Hyaluronidase 60U/mL, and Elastase 50 ng/ml). After that, samples were resuspended to obtain single cell suspensions.1 (link) BMDMs were digested with cell stripper (Corning 25-056-CI) to single cell suspensions. After preparing the single cell suspension according to the above methods, the samples from were sequentially filtered through 40μm strainers. Following the manufacturer’s instructions, appropriately fluorescently labeled antibodies were added at predetermined optimum concentrations and incubated on ice for 20 min in the dark for cell-surface staining. Cells were stained with LIVE/DEAD Cell Stain (Invitrogen), followed by staining for cell surface markers, and then fixed and permeabilized with the Cytofix/Cytoperm kit (554714BD, Biosciences) for intracellular staining. After washing with PBS, centrifuging at 350xg for 5 min, samples were resuspended for flow cytometric analysis (BD FACS Analyzer LSR, or BD FACS Analyzer Symphony). The antibodies for flow cytometry are attached in Table S1. All flow data were analyzed by FlowJo 10.7.1.
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