Cyanidin chloride

Extrusion trials were performed using commercial chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) (Aronia Original Naturprodukte GmbH, Dresden, Germany) [20 (link)]. Chemicals and reagents of analytical purity grade were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), unless stated otherwise. Amyloglucosidase (E-AMGDFPD, from Aspergillus niger, 36,000 U/g), α-amylase (E-PANAA, from pig pancreas 100,000 U/g), protease (E-BSPRPD from Bacillus licheniformis 9000 U/g), Celite 545 and endo-arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99, from A. niger, 9 U/mg) were from Megazyme (Bray, Ireland) and Amberlite FPA53 and Ambersep 200 from Rohm and Haas Europe (Frankfurt, Germany). Thermostable α-amylase (Thermamyl 120 L, EC 3.2.1.1, from B. licheniformis, 120 KNU/g), protease (Alcalase 2.5 L, EC 3.4.21.62, from B. licheniformis, 2.5 AU/g), and Amyloglucosidase (AMG 300 L, EC 3.2.1.3, from A. niger, 300 AGU/g) were a gift from Novozymes, (Bagsværd, Denmark). Rotihydroquant C5 and D used for Karl Fischer titration as well as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (≥96%), cyanidin chloride (≥97%), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (≥97%), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (≥99%), and quercetin dihydrate (≥99%) used as PP standards were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Ultrapure water was used for all experiments.

Flowering was monitored on four groups of 10 camellia plants each, stored for 0, 4, 6, and 8 weeks at 7°C at 3–4 day-time interval. A number of surveys were carried out during the entire forcing phase in order to evaluate flowering and growth. During the whole flowering period, the number of flowers produced per plant and their longevity (days from early opening to fall) were observed. Moreover, for every full bloom, the flower conical volume was measured three times during the anthesis, according to the following formula: π × (FØ ÷ 2)² × FD ÷ 3 (with FØ being flower diameter and FD representing flower depth; Larcher et al., 2011 ). On each group of plants, the duration of flowering was determined as the days between the first anthesis and 100% flowering of the whole group of 10 plants, and the forcing need as the days between the start of forcing and 25% flowering of the whole group of 10 plants. Twenty weeks after the beginning of the experiment, when control and treated plants were in full bloom, the percentage of sprouting vegetative buds was measured. At the same time, the anthocyanin content of flower petals was assessed in three biological replicates per group of plants, according to a protocol developed for tomato seedlings (Adamse et al., 1989 (link)) with minor modifications, using cyanidin chloride (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) as a standard.