D glucose glucose

Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) was isolated as previously described by Heo et al. [19 (link)]. Fluo-4 Direct™ Calcium Assay kit was purchased from Invitrogen by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium bromide (MTT); 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG); 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM); D-(+)-glucose (glucose); 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-pyrimidinetetrone (alloxan monohydrate); and 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (metformin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (Thr172), AMPK and p-Akt (Ser473), Akt, Glut4, and GAPDH were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Bedford, MA, USA), and anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). ATP Assay Kit (colorimetric/fluorometric) was purchased from Abcam (Abcam Inc., Cambridge, USA).

Dihydroethidium (DHE) and 5′,6′-chloromethyl-2′,7′ dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate (CM-H₂DCFDA) were purchased from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR). Both reagents were dissolved with DMSO and diluted for daily use. Modified Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) and fetal calf serum (FCS) were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). D-glucose (glucose), L-glucose, Ang II, HEPES, L-arginine, Tiron, PD123319 (angiotensin II type 2-receptor antagonist), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO), while RNH-6270 (angiotensin type1-receptor antagonist) was purchased from Sankyo Co. (Tokyo, Japan).