1 methyl 4 phenylpyridinium iodide mpp iodide

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+ iodide), retinoic acid, dibutyryl cyclic-AMP sodium salt, thapsigargin, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP), and EGTA were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Trypsin-EDTA, 0.2 µm TetraSpeck™ beads, Alexa Fluor 488-, Alexa Fluor 568-, and Alexa Fluor 647-labeled goat anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA; CAT#: A21121, A21124, A21240, A21241, A11034; 1:200 dilution). Transfection reagents TransIT-X2® and Lipofectamine® 2000 were from Mirus Bio (Madison, WI) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA), respectively. VECTASHIELD HardSet Antifade Mounting Medium was from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA). Mouse monoclonal IgG1 anti-a-syn antibodies 3H2897(CAT#: sc-69977; 1:200 dilution), 42/α-Synuclein (CAT#: 610787; 1:200 dilution) and anti α,β-synuclein (AB_2618046; 1:150 dilution) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX), BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ) and DSHB (University of Iowa), respectively. Monoclonal anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody (Product ID: 22941; 1:220 dilution) was from ImmunoStar (Hudson, WI). Recombinant rabbit monoclonal anti-phosphorylated-α-synuclein (Ser129) antibody (Clone#: EP1536Y; 1:400 dilution) and anti-α-synuclein aggregate antibody (Clone#: MJFR-14-6-4-2; 1:1000 dilution) were acquired from Abcam (Cambridge UK).

1-Methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium iodide (MPP⁺ iodide) and anti-β-actin antibody were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Lois, MO). The Bradford protein assay kit was purchased from Bio-Rad. Antibodies against PKD1, α-tubulin, and mtTFA were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-phospho PKD1 (p-S744/748 and p-S916), phospho-Akt (p-S473), total Akt, phospho-AMPKα (p-Thr172) antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Anti-TH antibody was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). The PKD1 inhibitor CID755673 was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO). Alexa 680-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody, MitoTracker Red FM, and all cell culture reagents were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). IRDye 800-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary was purchased from Rockland Labs (Gilbertsville, PA).