Ag/Au alloy disks (70 : 30 at%, 5 mm diameter, 200 μm thickness) for npAu preparation were obtained according to a literature procedure.18 (link) 6-Azidohexyl-1-thioacetate38–40 (link) as building block for SAM formation, tris(benzyl-triazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA)41,42 (link) as co-catalyst for the CuAAC reaction and the photosensitizers 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(2-propyn-1-yloxy)phthalocyanine zinc(ii ) (ZnPc-3, 1),43 (link) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(5-hexyn-1-yloxy)phthalocyanine zinc(ii ) (ZnPc-6, 2),9 (link) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl)porphyrin zinc(ii ) (ZnTPP-3, 3)44 (link) were all synthesized as described elsewhere. The following chemicals and solvents were bought as indicated and were all used as received without further purification: Cu(MeCN)4PF6 (97%, Aldrich), hydroquinone (Merck), 2,5-diphenylfuran (DPF, >98.0%, TCI), EtOH (abs., reagent grade, VWR), THF (reagent grade, ≥99.0%, VWR), DMF (analytical reagent grade, ≥99.5%, VWR), HNO3 (analytical reagent grade, 65%, VWR), HNO3 (NORMATOM, ultra-pure for trace analysis, 67%, VWR) and HCl (NORMATOM, ultra-pure for trace analysis, 34%, VWR).
Normatom
Manufactured by Avantor
NORMATOM is a laboratory instrument designed for the normalization and atomization of liquid samples. It is used to prepare samples for analysis by various analytical techniques.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Hydroquinone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cu mecn 4pf6, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
X serie 2, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Analar normapur, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Direct q 3 uv millipore system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Element 2, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tissueruptor, by Qiagen (1 mentions)
Truspec micro, by Leco (1 mentions)
5 protocols using normatom
1
Synthesis and Characterization of npAu Surfaces
2
Elemental and Isotopic Analysis of Mineral-Soil Samples
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The elemental composition of initial and incubated NA Femineral samples was determined aer dissolution in concentrated HCl (NORMATOM®, VWR) at room temperature by ICP-OES. The C content of NA Fe-Fh and NA Fe-Lp at the end of the last redox cycle (12 weeks) was determined using a CHN analyzer (LECO TruSpec Micro). To measure changes in the Fe content and Fe isotope composition, initial and reacted 57 Fe-mineral-soil mixes and soil samples from Humax cores were digested with aqua regia. Aliquots (∼150 mg) of the soil and/or mineral-soil mixes were weighed into 15 mL centrifuge tubes and 10 mL of freshly prepared aqua regia (HNO 3 : HCl ratio 1 : 3, HNO 3 (distilled; Merck), HCl (NORMATOM®, VWR)) was added to each vial. The samples were digested at 120 °C for 90 min and passed through a 0.45 mm PTFE lter. The total Fe concentration in the ltrates was measured by ICP-OES. For Fe isotope analyses, all samples were diluted to ∼50 ppb Fe and analyzed with triplequadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Agilent 8800 Triple Quad), and 57 Fe isotope fractions (f 57 Fe) were calculated relative to the sum (counts per second) of 54 Fe, 56 Fe, 57 Fe, and 58 Fe. 14, 23
3
ICP-MS Analysis of Uranium Content
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Samples were mineralized (Ejnik et al. 2000 (link)) and analyzed for their uranium content by ICP-MS (XSERIE 2, Thermoelectron, France). A multielement standard solution (Analab, France) was used to optimize experimental conditions and apparatus parameters to obtain the best signal/noise ratio for 238U. In all solutions likely to be analyzed (biological samples or calibration solutions), bismuth 209 was added as an internal standard at 1 μg L−1. Six standard solutions for the calibration curve (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg L−1) were freshly prepared by dilution of a standard solution at 10 mg L−1 in 2 % nitric acid (NORMATOM for trace metal analysis, VWR Prolabo). A linear relation—count number (iU) = f([iU])—was calculated for each isotope, i = [235; 238] with [iU] equal to the isotope concentration in μg L−1. Isotopy and dosage reliability were regularly verified with standard solutions (6 quality controls at different concentrations and isotopy distributed throughout the analysis). Blank samples were run every five samples to check the stability of the background and to prevent potential contamination. For 238U, the detection and quantification limits were respectively 0.5 10−3 and 1.5 10−3 µg L−1, and for 235U, 0.01 10−3 and 0.03 10−3µg L−1. The limits for 238U were applied to total uranium.
4
Trace Metal Analysis in Fortified Lake Water
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Nitric acid 67%, NORMATOM® for trace metal analysis, and hydrogen peroxide 30% AnalaR NORMAPUR® for trace analysis were supplied by VWR BDH Chemicals. Certified reference material (CRM) TM-24.3, fortified lake water, was from the National Research Council Canada (NRCC). The magnesium nitrate matrix modifier for the graphite furnace and 2% Mg in HNO3 were from SCP Science (Baie-D’Urfe, QC, Canada). Stock standard solutions of lead (1 g/L), cadmium (1 g/L), and manganese (1 g/L) were supplied by SCP Science (Baie-D’Urfe, QC, Canada). All the solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ·cm) produced with a Direct-Q 3 UV Millipore® System.
Both individual stock standard solutions and working standard solutions were maintained at 4 °C. The working solutions were prepared in 5% nitric acid before each analytical run.
To avoid any possible extra metal contamination, all used materials were immersed in a freshly prepared 15% v/v HNO3 solution for 24 h and then rinsed thoroughly with ultrapure water and dried in a dust-free area before use.
Both individual stock standard solutions and working standard solutions were maintained at 4 °C. The working solutions were prepared in 5% nitric acid before each analytical run.
To avoid any possible extra metal contamination, all used materials were immersed in a freshly prepared 15% v/v HNO3 solution for 24 h and then rinsed thoroughly with ultrapure water and dried in a dust-free area before use.
5
Quantifying Gold Content in Placental Tissue
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To determine the Au content of the ex vivo samples, 1 g placental tissue (taken before and after each perfusion) was homogenized in 3 mL perfusion medium using a TissueRuptor (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Samples of the maternal and fetal solution (each 250 µL) and homogenized tissue (~ 250 µL corresponding to 83.3 mg tissue) were digested in 0.6 mL concentrated nitric acid and 1.8 mL hydrochloric acid (both NORMATOM, VWR Chemicals, Vienna, Austria) using a microwave (turboWAVE Inert, MLS GmbH, Leutkirch, Germany). In vitro samples (50–200 µL of supernatants or membranes) were digested in HCL and nitric acid (1:2 ratio to sample) for 3 days at RT. Processed samples were further diluted using ultrapure water. Au content was determined by SF-ICP-MS (Element 2, Thermo Finnigan, Bremen, Germany) with external calibration ranging from 0 to 50 µg/L. Rhenium was added to the ex vivo samples as internal standard. The isotope 197Au determined in low resolution was used for quantification. The minimum detection limits of 197Au were 0.041 µg/L (ex vivo) and 0.016 µg/L (in vitro) (3*SD). Therefore, approx. 0.0052% (Au-3-PEG NPs) and 0.0085% (Au-4-COONa NPs) of the initial dose (ID) could have been detected ex vivo in the fetal chamber and 0.014% of the ID in vitro on the basolateral side after 24 h.
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